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| Geographical (Nature) Chart |
Spectrum Chart - 276 : Geographical (Nature)
1. Sunrise – Sunrise is the instant at
which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the horizon in the
east. It is the time when the night changes into the morning.
Although the Sun appears to "rise" from the horizon, it is
actually the Earth's motion that causes the Sun to appear.
2. Moon - The Moon is Earth's only natural
satellite. It is one of the largest natural satellites in the Solar
System and the largest among planetary satellites relative to the
size of the planet that it orbits. It is the second-densest satellite
among those whose densities are known. Moon is thought to have formed
approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Moon's gravitational influence
produces the ocean tides, body tides and the slight lengthening of
the day.
3. Stars - Stars are the most widely
recognised astronomical objects, and represent the most fundamental
building blocks of galaxies. A star is a luminous sphere of plasma
held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the
Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during
the night, appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the
sky due to their immense distance from Earth.
4. Night – Night is the period of time
between the sunset and the sunrise when the Sun is below the horizon.
This occurs after dusk. The opposite of night is day. The start and
end points of time of a night vary based on factors such as season,
latitude, longitude and timezone.
5. Mountain – A mountain is a large
land form that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area,
usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a
hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism.
These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth. The highest
mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas in Nepal.
6. Rain – Rain is when water falls from
clouds in droplets that are bigger than 0.5 mm. Droplets of water
that are about 0.2 mm to 0.45 mm big are called drizzle. Rain is a kind
of precipitation. The major cause of rain production is moisture
moving along three-dimensional zones of temperature and moisture
contrasts known as weather fronts. If enough moisture and upward
motion is present, precipitation falls from convective clouds.
7. Lake – A lake is an area of variable
size filled with water, localised in a basin, that is surrounded by
land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or
drain the lake. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which
are usually flowing. However most lakes are fed and drained by rivers
and streams. Many lakes are man-made reservoirs built to produce
electricity, for recreation or to use the water for irrigation or
industry or in houses.
8. Waterfall – A waterfall is a place
where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of drops in the
course of a stream or river. Waterfalls also occur where melt water
drops over the edge of a tabular iceberg or ice shelf. The water
flows from higher land of harder rock, then it falls down a big step
of rock to lower land of softer rock where it will continue on its
journey. Usually the lower land is in a gorge. Waterfalls are usually
made when a river is young.
9. River – A river is a stream of water
that flows through a channel in the surface of the ground. The
passage where the river flows is called the river bed and the earth
on each side is called a river bank. A river begins on high ground or
in hills or mountains and flows down from the high ground to the
lower ground, because of gravity. A river begins as a small stream
and gets bigger the farther it flows. Rivers have been used as a
source of water, for obtaining food, for transport, as a defensive
measure, as a source of hydro power to drive machinery, for bathing
and as a means of disposing of waste.
10. Rainbow - Rainbows are phenomena caused
by light reflection, refraction and dispersion in water droplets.
This creates a multi-coloured arc in the sky that is seen from earth
as a rainbow. Although it appears as if a rainbow is a particular
distance from the person seeing it, it is actually an optical
illusion appearing because of the angle to the water droplets in
relation to the light. A rainbow is not something that can be touched
or approached. It will disappear at the wrong angle.
11. Volcano - A volcano is a rupture in the
crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot
lava, volcanic ash and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the
surface. Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17
major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in
its mantle. Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where
tectonic plates are diverging or converging.
12. Tundra Region - Tundra region is a type
of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and
short growing seasons. In tundra, the vegetation is composed of dwarf
shrubs, sedges, grasses, mosses and lichens. Scattered trees grow in
some tundra regions. The climate in a tundra region consists of
freezing cold and dryness in the winter and cold summers.
13. Lighthouse – A lighthouse is a tower,
building or other type of structure designed to emit light from a
system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a navigational aid for
maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways. Lighthouses mark
dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs and safe entries to
harbours and can assist in aerial navigation. Once widely used, the
number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of
maintenance and use of electronic navigational systems.
14. Windmill – A windmill is a mill that
converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes
called sails or blades. Centuries ago, windmills usually were used to
mill grain, pump water or both. Thus they often were gristmills,
wind pumps or both. The majority of modern windmills take the form of
wind turbines used to generate electricity or wind pumps used to pump
water, either for land drainage or to extract groundwater.
15. Sunset – Sunset is the daily
disappearance of the Sun below the western horizon as a result of
Earth's rotation. The time of sunset varies throughout the year and
is determined by the viewer's position on Earth, specified by
longitude and latitude and elevation. Small daily changes and
noticeable semi-annual changes in the timing of sunsets are driven by
the axial tilt of Earth, daily rotation of the Earth.
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