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Monday 6 March 2017

Chart 712 - Digestive System

Digestive System Chart
Digestive System Chart

Spectrum Chart - 712 : Digestive System

1. Tongue - The tongue is the fleshy muscle inside the mouth. A tongue lets us taste because the top of the tongue is made mostly of taste buds. It also helps the process of mastication by mixing food with saliva. It is very flexible, so it also helps us eat and talk. The tongue is the strongest muscle in the human body.

2. Mouth - Mouth is an opening in the face is the first part of the alimentary canal (digestive system). It is the place where the chewing of food occurs. The mouth has teeth to help chew the food. Mouth also plays a significant role in communication. The tongue, lips and jaw, which are parts of the mouth, are needed to produce the range of sounds included in human language.

3. Liver - The liver is an organ in the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal system. The liver is a gland and plays a major role in metabolism with numerous functions in the human body, including regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production and detoxification.

4. Stomach - Stomach is part of the digestive system. The stomach is the third stage in the digestive process. It holds food after ingestion. Food in the stomach then passes through to the small intestine where most of the food's nutrition are absorbed.

5. Large Intestine - Large intestine is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system. It connects the small intestine to the rectum and anus. It is about 1.5 meters long or 5 feet. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as faeces before being removed by defecation.

6. Rectum – Rectum is a part of the large intestine which forms a part of the gastrointestinal system. The rectum ends in the anus which is the end of the gastrointestinal system. It is where faeces or stools are stored temporarily before coming out of the anus.

7. Salivary Gland – The salivary glands make saliva. Saliva keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system wet and slippery. They also help break down the food when you are chewing. This helps food go down the throat to the stomach.

8. Digestive System - Digestive system consists of organs like tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food we eat into smaller components so that nutrients can be easily absorbed by the body and the waste discarded.

9. Pharynx – The pharynx is an organ in the back of the throat. As such, it is part of the gastrointestinal system. It comes after the mouth and before the esophagus. Food and air go through the pharynx. The pharynx keeps food and liquids out of the lungs.

10. Esophagus – The esophagus, commonly known as the food pipe or gullet, is an organ through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is lined with muscle. This muscle pushes food down into the stomach. The esophagus can contract or expand to allow for the passage of food.

11. Gallbladder - Gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ in your abdomen. It stores about 50 ml of acidic liquid (bile) until the body needs it for digestion. That liquid helps digest fat. The gallbladder is about 7-10 cm long in humans. It is dark green in colour because of the bile in it. It is connected to the liver and the duodenum by the biliary tract. Humans can live without a gallbladder. The surgical removal of the gallbladder is called a cholecystectomy.

12. Pancreas - Pancreas is an organ that makes hormones and enzymes to help digestion. The pancreas helps break down carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The pancreas is behind the stomach and is on the left side of the human body. The pancreas belongs to two systems of the body: the digestive system for its role in breaking down nutrients and the endocrine system for producing hormones.

13. Small Intestine - Small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

14. Spleen - The spleen is an organ in vertebrates. The spleen is part of the lymphatic system. In people, it is on the left side of the body, under the heart. The spleen helps fight infections and keeps the blood cells healthy.

15. Anus – The anus is the opening in the human body that is between the buttocks. It is at the end of the gastrointestinal system, where faeces or stool comes out of the body. The anus passes through the pelvic floor. The anus is surrounded by muscles. The top and bottom of the anus are surrounded by the internal and external anal sphincters, two muscular rings which control defeaecation.

16. Parotid Gland – The parotid gland is a major salivary gland, they are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. Each parotid is wrapped around the mandibular ramus and secretes serous saliva through the parotid duct into the mouth, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches.

17. Submandibular Gland - The paired submandibular glands are major salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. They each weigh about 15 grams and contribute some 60–67% of unstimulated saliva secretion; on stimulation their contribution decreases in proportion as the parotid secretion rises to 50%.

18. Sublingual Gland - The paired sublingual glands are major salivary glands in the mouth. They are the smallest, most diffuse, and the only unencapsulated major salivary glands. They provide only 3-5% of the total salivary volume.

19. Appendix – The appendix is a blind ended tube connected to the cecum. The appendix has no function in humans, but it can cause diseases like appendicitis. The human appendix averages 9 cm in length but can range from 2 to 20 cm. The appendix is usually located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, near the right hip bone. The base of the appendix is located 2 cm beneath the ileocecal valve that separates the large intestine from the small intestine.

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Thursday 2 March 2017

Chart 700 - Festivals of Maharashtra

Festivals of Maharashtra Chart
Festivals of Maharashtra Chart

Spectrum Chart - 700 : Festivals of Maharashtra

1. Shivaji Jayanti - Shivaji Jayanti, the birth anniversary of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj the first king of Maratha Empire. It is celebrated with traditional fervour across Maharashtra.

2. Gokulashtami - Gokulashtami is the Hindu festival celebrating the birth of Lord Krishna. On this day night long prayers are offered and religious mantras are sung in the temples. In many places, the popular event of “Dahi Handi”,also takes place.

3. Bhau Beej - Bhau Beej is the ceremony performed by Hindus, generally, on the second day of Diwali. It is celebrated among brothers and sisters and is similar to Raksha Bandhan, except there is no tying of rakhi involved.

4. Diwali - Diwali is also termed as “Festival of Lights”, as on this day every people, especially Hindus, lighten up their houses with lights including candles and diyas. It is celebrated in honour of Lord Rama. He returned to his kingdom, Ayodhya, after spending 14 years in forest.

5. Dussehra - People celebrate Dussehra festival to mark the victory of Lord Rama over Ravana. It signifies the victory of good over the evil. People go to see the famous folk play of Ram Leela. The story of Lord Rama is shown in the play. It is a great time to enjoy and take inspiration from virtuous acts of Rama.

6. Navratri - Navratri is a festival dedicated to the worship of the Hindu deity Durga. The word Navaratri means 'nine nights'. During Navratri festival, in most of the cities of Gujarat & West India people gather and perform Dandiya & Garba dance. Garba is performed before Aarti as devotional performances in the honour of the Goddess, while Dandiya is performed after Aarti.

7. Narali Poornima - Narali poornima is the day of fishermen this festival signifies retreating monsoon and the commencement of their fishing activity. Narali poornima is observed on Shravan Purnima, the Full moon day in Sawan month.

8. Makar Sankranti - On the day of Makar Sankranti, people worship the Sun God. This festival is marked with prosperity and abundance. On this day, freshly harvested cereals and foods are cooked.
People celebrate this festival with flying kites.

9. Nag Panchami - Nag Panchami is a traditional worship of snakes or serpents observed by Hindus throughout India. The worship is offered on the fifth day of bright half of Lunar month of Shravan, according to the Hindu calendar.

10. Ganesh Chaturthi - Ganesh Chaturthi, the birthday of Lord Ganesh, is celebrated in August-September. Ganesh made of unbaked clay are worshipped on this day in every house. A special sweet called Modak is prepared on this occassion. To mark the end of the festivities, the clay idols of Lord Ganesh are immersed in water.

11. Maharashtra Day - Maharashtra Day is a state holiday in the Indian state of Maharashtra, commemorating the formation of the state of Maharashtra from the division of the Bombay State on 1 May 1960. Maharashtra Day is commonly associated with parades and political speeches and ceremonies, in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history and traditions of Maharashtra.

12. Raksha Bandhan - The beautiful relation of a brother and a sister is celebrated in the festival of Raksha Bandhan. Traditionally, girls tie a string of thread on the wrist of her brother. This thread of love reminds the brother of his responsibility to always take care, support and protect his sister under all circumstances.

13. Ashadi Ekadashi - Ashadhi Ekadashi is more of a religious procession festival and is celebrated during the months of June- July. On this day people go walking in huge processions to Pandharpur singing the Abhangas (chanting hymns) of Saint Tukaram and Saint Dnyaneshwar to see their God Vitthal.

14. Pola – Pola is a bull-worshipping festival celebrated by farmers mainly in Maharashtra. On the day of Pola, the bulls are first given a bath and then decorated with ornaments and shawls. Their horns are painted and their necks are adorned with garlands of flowers. Then, they are worshipped by their owners. Pola is the main festival of the farmers of the Maharashtra.

15. Vat Poornima - The festival of Vat Purnima is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Jyeshtha (May–June) on the Hindu calendar. Women observe a fast and tie threads around a banyan tree and pray for the well being of their husband.

16. Mahashivratri - Maha means “great”, Ratri means “night” and Shiva refers to “Lord Shiva”. The marriage of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati took place on this day. There is a tradition of offering a holy bath to the “Shiva Lingam”. People celebrate this festival by fasting, offering sweets to god, etc.

17. Gudi Padwa - Gudi Padwa is the festival that augments the new year and is usually celebrated on the first day of the Indian month of Chaita according to the lunar calendar.

18. Ambedkar Jayanti - Ambedkar Jayanti is an annual festival observed on 14 April to commemorate the memory of B. R. Ambedkar. It marks Ambedkar's birthday in 1891 and is a public holiday throughout India. It is celebrated throughout the world especially by Dalits who embraced Buddhism after his example. In India, large numbers of people visit local statues commemorating Ambedkar in procession with lot of fanfare.

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Chart 699 - Cities of Maharashtra

Cities of Maharashtra Chart
Cities of Maharashtra Chart

Spectrum Chart - 699 : Cities of Maharashtra

1. Sangli – Sangli is a city and the district headquarters of Sangli District. It is known as the Turmeric City of Maharashtra due to its production and trade of the spice. Sangli is situated on the banks of river Krishna and houses many sugar factories. The Ganesha Temple of Sangli is a historical landmark of the city and is visited by thousands of pilgrims.

2. Dhule – Dhule is one of the very few well-planned cities in India. Dhule is widely known across the country for its architecture and urban design. The town planning of this city was done by Sir M.Visvesvaraya. Dhule is largely emerging as one of the biggest upcoming hubs of textile, edible oil and power-loom across the state.

3. Aurangabad – Aurangabad is a city in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The city is a tourism hub, surrounded by many historical monuments, including the Ajanta Caves and Ellora Caves, which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as Bibi Ka Maqbara and Panchakki. The City was founded in 1610 by Malik Amber. Aurangabad is Tourism Capital of Maharashtra.

4. Ahmednagar – Ahmednagar is a city in Ahmednagar District in the state of Maharashtra. Ahmednagar takes its name from Ahmad Nizam Shah I, who founded the town in 1494 on the site of a battlefield. Ahmednagar has several dozen buildings and sites from the Nizam Shahi period. Ahmednagar Fort, once considered almost impregnable, was used by the British to house Jawaharlal Nehru and other Indian Nationalists before Indian independence.

5. Akola – Akola is a city in Vidarbha region in the state of Maharashtra in central India. Akola has very good grain market, oil mills, dal (pulses) mills & is known for production of cotton. The IT sector is also growing at a fast pace. Akola, called as Cotton City, is known for its cotton production and is the largest cotton-producing district in India.

6. Jalgaon – Jalgaon is in the north of the Maharashtra state in Jalgaon District, which is located on the northern Deccan Plateau. Located within the productive, irrigated agricultural region of Khandesh. Jalgaon is often known as the "Banana Capital" of India. Jalgaon district produces more than 16% of India's bananas and thus 3% of world banana production. Jalgaon is an industry centre in drip irrigation, pipe manufacturing, fruit processing, pulse milling, biofertiliser production, green and solar energy, mattress manufacturing and printing of educational books.

7. Kolhapur - Kolhapur is a city in the Panchganga River Basin. It is the district headquarters of Kolhapur district. The city has a textile manufacturing sector, particularly known for the Kolhapuri chappal. The city has become the primary centre for the Marathi film industry. Kolhapur plays host to many film festivals, including the Kolhapur International Film Festival.

8. Amravati - Amravati is the administrative headquarters of the Amravati district. It is also the headquarters of the "Amravati Division" which is one of the six divisions of the state. Among the historical landmarks in the city are the temples of Amba, Shri Krishna and Shri Venkateshwara. Amravati is growing as an industrial centre, with cotton mills leading the way.

9. Mumbai – Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, with an estimated city population of 18.4 million. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow, generating 6.16% of India's GDP. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures.

10. Nagpur - Nagpur is the winter capital and the third largest city of Maharashtra and the largest city in Vidarbha Region. Nagpur is located at the exact centre of the Indian peninsula. The city has a Zero Mile stone locating the geographical centre of India. It is famous for the Nagpur Orange and is known as the "Orange City" for being a major trade centre of oranges cultivated in the region.

11. Nashik – Nashik is a city in the northwest region of Maharashtra in India and is the administrative headquarter of the Nashik District and Nashik Division. The city is situated at the foothills of the Western Ghats mountains on the banks of the river Godavari. Nashik hosts one of the largest religious gatherings in the world known as Maha Kumbh. Nashik has been described as "The Wine Capital of India". There are 22 wineries in Nashik, out of 46 wineries throughout India total.

12. Navi Mumbai - Navi Mumbai is a planned township of Mumbai off the west coast of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Navi Mumbai is situated across two districts namely Thane and Raigad. Navi Mumbai has a good public transportation system. Various MNCs have their offices/branches across the city making it an active business hub. Navi Mumbai has the largest container terminal in India, Jawaharlal Nehru Port at Nhava Sheva near Uran.

13. Thane - Thane is a city in the state of Maharashtra in Konkan Division. Thane is a part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Thane was the terminus for the first ever passenger train in Asia. On 16 April 1853, the passenger train service was inaugurated between Colaba and Thane. Covering a distance of 34 km.

14. Latur – Latur is a city in the Marathwada region in the Maharashtra. The city is a tourist hub, surrounded by many historical monuments, including the Kharosa Caves. The city is a major sugarcane and edible oils, soyabean, grapes and mango production centre. The Latur region is known as the "Sugar Belt of India". This region houses over eleven large sugar factories.

15. Ratnagiri – Ratnagiri is a port city on the Arabian Sea coast in Ratnagiri District in the southwestern part of Maharashtra, India. The district is a part of Konkan division of Maharashtra. Fertile alluvial valleys in the region produce abundant rice, coconuts, cashew nuts and fruits, "Hāpus" (Alphonso) mangoes being one of the main fruits. Fishing is an important industry in Ratnagiri.

16. Nanded - Nanded is also headquarters of Nanded district and second largest city in Marathwada region. Nanded is located on the banks of Godavari river. Nanded has been a major place for Sikh pilgrimage. 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh made Nanded as his permanent abode and passed Guruship to Guru Granth Sahib before his death in Nanded.

17. Pune – Pune is the 9th most populous city in India and the second largest in the state of Maharashtra. Pune is considered the cultural capital of Maharashtra. The city is also known for its manufacturing and automobile industries, as well as for research institutes of information technology (IT), education, management and training, which attracts students and professionals from India, South East Asia, the Middle East and Africa.

18. Pandharpur – Pandharpur is the most popular pilgrimage city on the banks of Bhima river in Solapur district, Maharashtra. Pandharpur is located on the banks of the Bhima river. The Vithoba temple attracts about a million Hindu pilgrims during the major yatra in the month of Ashadh (June–July).

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Chart 694 - Flightless Birds

Flightless Birds Chart
Flightless Birds Chart

Spectrum Chart - 694 : Flightless Birds

1. Emu - Emus are soft-feathered, brown, flightless birds with long necks and legs. It is native to Australia. It is also the second tallest bird in the world, after ostrich. Emu is an omnivore. It likes to eat caterpillars, large insects, small lizards, rodents, flowers, seed, buds and shoots. Emu is a fast running bird. It can reach 30 miles per hour. Emu can survive between 5 and 10 years in the wild.

2. Ostrich - Ostrich is a large flightless bird that lives in Africa. They are the largest living bird species and have the biggest eggs of all living birds. Ostriches do not fly, but can run faster than any other bird. Ostriches have long legs and a long neck, but they have a small head. Male ostriches can be 6 - 9 ft tall, while female ostriches are 5.5 - 6.5 ft tall.

3. Rhea – Rheas are large, flightless birds with grey-brown plumage, long legs and long necks, native to South America. Rhea consumes both meat and plants. Different kind of seeds, fruits, roots, plants, lizards, insects, reptiles and rodents are normal part of rhea's diet. Rhea is kept on farms because of its meat, eggs and skin. Maximum lifespan of the rhea in the wild is 15 years.

4. Penguin - Penguins are sea-birds in the family Spheniscidae. All penguins have a white belly and a dark (mostly black) back. Penguins cannot fly, but they can swim very well. Penguins live only in the Southern Hemisphere of the world: Antarctica, New Zealand, southern Australia, South Africa and South America.

5. Cassowary – Cassowaries are a kind of large birds which cannot fly.There are three species of cassowary that can be found in New Guinea and northeastern parts of Australia. Cassowary lives in wet tropical rainforests, lowland and highland dense forests. Cassowary is an omnivore. It usually eats different types of fruit, seeds, shoots, fungi, small invertebrates and insects. Cassowary can survive 12-19 years in the wild and between 40 and 50 in captivity.

6. Kiwi - Kiwi is a bird from New Zealand. Kiwi have a long beak and brown feathers. The feathers look like fur. Kiwis cannot fly, and their wings are so small that they cannot usually be seen. Kiwis cannot see well, but they can hear very well. They are the smallest ratite birds. Kiwis are nocturnal birds.They mostly eat invertebrates, like worms and insects.

7. Kagu - Kagu is a crested, long-legged, and bluish-grey bird endemic to the dense mountain forests of New Caledonia. It is a flightless birds. Kagu is exclusively carnivorous, feeding on a variety of animals with annelid worms, snails and lizards being amongst the most important prey items.

8. Takahe – Takahe is a flightless bird indigenous to New Zealand and belonging to the rail family. Takahe is mainly purple-blue in colour, with a greenish back and inner wings. It has a red frontal shield and red-based pink bill. The legs are pink.

9. Weka – A weka is a flightless bird in the rail family. It is endemic to New Zealand. Weka occupy areas such as forests, sub-alpine grassland, sand dunes, rocky shores and modified semi-urban environments. They are omnivorous, with a diet comprising 30% animal foods and 70% plant foods. Weka are classed as a vulnerable species.

10. Steamer Duck - Steamer duck, is a flightless duck from South America. It belongs to the steamer duck genus Tachyeres. It inhabits the rocky coasts and coastal islands in southern Chile. It is a massively built waterfowl at 3.5–7 kg and 65–84 cm in length. The wingspan is 85–110 cm, the wings being too small to functionally allow the birds to take flight. Instead, the wings are used like paddles to help skim rapidly across the surface of the water.

11. Red Junglefowl - Red junglefowl is a flightless bird & a tropical member of the family Phasianidae. The red junglefowl was first domesticated at least five thousand years ago in Asia, since then it has spread around the world. They are omnivorous and feed on insects, seeds and fruits including those that are cultivated such as those of the oil palm.

12. Flightless Cormorant - Flightless cormorant also known as the Galapagos cormorant, is a cormorant native to the Galapagos Islands. The flightless cormorants look slightly like a duck, except for their short, stubby wings. The upper parts are blackish and the underparts are brown. The long beak is hooked at the tip and the eye is turquoise. All populations of this species are found within the Galapagos National Park and Marine Reserve.

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Chart 690 - 3D Shapes

3D Shapes Chart
3D Shapes Chart

Spectrum Chart - 690 : 3D Shapes

1. Pyramid - A pyramid is a three-dimensional shape. It has triangular sides that come together in a point at the top, call the "apex". A pyramid with a square base (bottom) and four sides is called a square pyramid. A pyramid with a triangular base and three sides is called a tetrahedron.

2. Cube - A cube is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces, facets or sides with three meeting at each vertex. A cube is a block with all right angles and whose height, width and depth are all the same.

3. Sphere - A sphere is a perfectly round geometrical object in three-dimensional space that is the surface of a completely round ball. The longest straight line connecting two points of the sphere, passes through the centre and its length is thus twice the radius, it is a diameter of the sphere.

4. Cuboid - A cuboid is a 3D shape. Cuboids have six faces, which form a convex polyhedron. Cuboid has 12 edges, 8 corners or vertices & 6 faces. Cuboid shapes are often used for boxes, cupboards, rooms, buildings etc.

5. Cylinder - A cylinder is one of the most basic curved geometric shapes, with the surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given line segment, known as the axis of the cylinder. The shape can be thought of as a circular prism. Both the surface and the solid shape created inside can be called a cylinder.

6. Cone - A cone is a solid object that one gets when one rotates a right triangle around one of its two short sides, the cone's axis. The disk made by the other short side is called the base, and the point of the axis which is not on the base is the cone's apex or vertex. An object that is shaped like a cone is conical.

7. Triangular Prism - Triangular prisms are three-dimensional solids formed by putting rectangles and triangles together. A triangular prism is a three-sided prism, it is a polyhedron made of a triangular base, a translated copy and 3 faces joining corresponding sides.

8. Hemisphere - A hemisphere is half of a sphere. A sphere can be divided by a plane into two equal parts known as hemisphere. A sphere makes two equal size hemisphere.

9. Torus (Ring) – A Torus is a shape from geometry that is obtained by rotating a circle in 3D space. To obtain a torus, the point around which the rotation occurs must be in a plane with the circle. If the point of rotation lies outside the circle, the shape of the torus will have a hole, and the torus will be called ring torus.

10. Ellipsoid – An ellipsoid is a shape like a sphere, but it may be longer in one or more directions, like an egg or a rugby ball. It is the 3 dimensional analogue of an ellipse.

11. Tube - A tube is a long hollow cylinder used for moving fluids or to protect electrical or optical cables and wires.

12. Helix - A helix is a curve in three dimensions. It looks a bit like a spiral. Each helix has a line called its axis. The helix has a constant angle to this line. Helices are often seen in nature and the sciences. Examples of helix are coil springs and the handrails of spiral staircases.

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Chart 684 - Temples of Gujarat

Temple of Gujarat Chart
Temples of Gujarat Chart

Spectrum Chart - 684 : Temples of Gujarat

1. Akshardham Temple, Gandhinagar – Akshardham Temple in Gandhinagar, Gujarat is a large Hindu temple complex inspired by Pramukh Swami, the current spiritual head of BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha. The focal point of the complex is the Akshardham Mandir, which measures 108 feet high, 131 feet wide and 240 feet long and features 97 carved pillars, 17 domes, 8 balconies, 220 stone beams and 264 sculpted figures.

2. Sun Temple, Modhera - Sun Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the solar deity Surya located at Modhera village of Mehsana district. It is situated on the bank of the river Pushpavati. It was built in 1026-27 AD by Bhima I of the Solanki dynasty. Later the temple was damaged by Mahmud Ghazni. No worship is offered now and is protected monument maintained by Archaeological Survey of India.

3. Somnath Temple, Somnath - Somnath temple is the first among the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. It is an important pilgrimage and tourist spot. The temple is considered sacred due to the various legends connected to it. Somnath means "Lord of the Soma", an epithet of Shiva. This legendary temple has been destroyed and rebuilt sixteen times by Islamic kings and Hindu kings respectively. Most recently it was rebuilt in November 1947.

4. Ambaji Temple, Ambaji - Millions of devotees visit the Ambaji temple every year. Ambaji mata temple is a major Shakti Peeth of India. A large number of devotees visit the temple every year specially on Purnima days. A large mela on Bhadarvi poornima (full moon day) is held.

5. Shamlaji Temple, Shamlaji – Shamlaji is a major Hindu pilgrimage centre in Aravalli district. The present temple dedicated to Shamlaji, a form of Vishnu or a name of Krishna, is built probably in 11th century in Solanki style and renovated at least 500 years ago. The temple was claimed by Jains in the past. The temple is located on the banks of the Meshvo river in the valley surrounded by well wooded hills.

6. Ambe Dham, Godhra, Kutch - Ambe Dham lies in its name Godhra Village. The main temple is dedicated to Arashpahan Ambe mata. It has a huge temple complex. There are many other temples in the complex too.

7. Jain Temples, Shatrunjaya Hill, Palitana - Jain Temples at Shatrunjaya Tirtha of Palitana is one of the holiest place in jain community. The main temple is dedicated to Rishabh dev, the first Tirthankara. There are approximately 863 marble-carved temples on the Shatrunjaya hills.

8. Nageshwar Jyotirlinga, Dwarka - Nageshwar Jyotirlinga is one of the 12 Jyotirlinga shrines mentioned in the Shiva Purana. Nageshvara is believed to be the first such shrine. The Jyotirlinga enshrined in the Temple of Nagnath is known as Nageshwar Mahadev and attracts thousands of pilgrims all round the year.

9. Hateesinh Jain Temple, Ahmedabad - Hatheesing Temple is the best known Jain temple in Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India. It was constructed in 1848. The main building is double-storied. The moolnayak is marble image of the 15th Tirthankara, Lord Dharamnath. The main temple houses 11 deities, six in basement and five in three bay sanctuary. The temple has a unique Manastambha inspired by the Jain Manastambha.

10. Rukmani Temple, Dwarka - Rukmini Devi Temple is a temple in Dwarka is dedicated to Rukmini, Krishna’s chief queen. The temple is said to be 2,500 years old but in its present form it is inferred to belong to the 12th century. It is a richly carved temple decorated with sculptures of gods and goddesses on the exterior with the sanctum housing the main image of Rukmini.

11. Shri Sudama Temple, Porbandar - Sudama temple is situated in the city of Porbandar. This temple is dedicated to Sudama who was the childhood friend of Lord Krishna. It is one exceptional temple in India which is dedicated to this great devotee of Lord Krishna. Built with white marble this temple has a number of carved pillars which decorate the temple.

12. Hanuman Temple, Sarangpur - Hanuman Mandir, Sarangpur is a Hindu temple located in Sarangpur. It is the only Swaminarayan Temple which does not have the Murtis of either Swaminarayan or Krishna as the Primary deity of worship. It is dedicated to Hanuman in the form of Kastbhanjan.

13. Simandhar Swami Jain Temple, Mehsana - Jain temple of Simandhar swami is located in Mehsana city. The Murti height is 146 inches and white-coloured of Bhagawan Simandhar Swami within the Padmasana posture. The entire temple is build with Arshapahan Stones which is utilized to construct mammoth temples and monuments.

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Chart 683 - Indian Women Freedom Fighters

Indian Women Freedom Fighters Chart
Indian Women Freedom Fighters Chart

Spectrum Chart - 683 : Indian Women Freedom Fighters

1. Madam Cama - Madam Cama was a prominent personality of the Indian Nationalist Movement. On August 22, 1907, she raised the flag for India's Independence at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, Germany.

2. Capt. Lakshmi Sehgal - Lakshmi Sehgal was a revolutionary of the Indian independence movement, an officer of the Indian National Army and the Minister of Women's Affairs in the Azad Hind government. Sehgal is commonly referred to in India as "Captain Lakshmi".

3. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay - Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was an Indian social reformer and freedom fighter. She is most remembered for her contribution to the Indian independence movement for being the driving force behind the renaissance of Indian handicrafts, handlooms and theatre in independent India and for upliftment of the socio-economic standard of Indian women by pioneering the co-operative movement.

4. Rani Laxmi Bai - Laxmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, born as Manikarnika, was the queen & warrior of the Maratha-ruled Jhansi State, situated in the north-central part of India. She was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and became for Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to the British Raj.

5. Kasturba Gandhi - Kasturba Mohandas Gandhi was the wife of Mahatma Gandhi. Working closely with her husband, Kasturba Gandhi became a political activist fighting for civil rights and Indian independence from the British.

6. Aruna Asaf Ali - Aruna Asaf Ali was an Indian independence activist. She is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement, 1942. She received India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1997.

7. Hansa Mehta - Hansa Mehta was a reformist, social activist, educator, independence activist and writer from India. She organised picketing of shops selling foreign clothes, liquor and participated in other freedom movement activities as per the advice of Mahatma Gandhi. She was even arrested and sent to jail by the British.

8. Pritilata Waddedar - Pritilata Waddedar was a Bengali revolutionary nationalist. Pritilata joined a revolutionary group headed by Surya Sen. She led a team of fifteen revolutionaries in a 1932 attack on the Pahartali European Club. The revolutionaries torched the club and were later caught by the British police. To avoid getting arrested, Pritilata consumed cyanide and died.

9. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur - Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was a freedom fighter and a social activist. For her participation in Dandi March in 1930, British Raj authorities imprisoned her. In 1942, she participated in the Quit India Movement and was imprisoned again.

10. Sarojini Naidu - Sarojini Naidu was a distinguished poet & a renowned freedom fighter. She was famously known as Bharatiya Kokila (The Nightingale of India). Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the governor of a state in India.

11. Kamla Nehru - Kamala Nehru was a freedom fighter & wife of Jawaharlal Nehru. Kamala was involved with the Nehrus in the national movement, she emerged into the forefront, in the Non Cooperation movement of 1921, she organised groups of women in Allahabad and picketed shops selling foreign cloth and liquor. She was arrested on two occasions for involvement in independence struggle activities.

12. Sucheta Kriplani - Sucheta Kriplani was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. She came to the forefront during the Quit India Movement. She later worked closely with Mahatma Gandhi during the Partition riots. She was also the founder of All India Mahilla Congress, established in 1940.

13. Dr. Annie Besant - Dr. Annie Besant was a prominent Theosophist, social reformer, political leader, women's rights activist, writer and orator. She was of Irish origin and made India her second home. She fought for the rights of Indian In 1916, she founded Home Rule League which advocated self rule by Indians. She became the President of Indian National Congress in 1917. She was the first woman to hold that post.

14. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit - Vijaya Lakshmi Nehru Pandit was an Indian diplomat and politician. She was the first Indian woman to hold a cabinet post. In 1937 she was elected to the provincial legislature of the United Provinces and was designated minister of local self-government and public health. She held the latter post until 1939 and again from 1946 to 1947.

15. Usha Mehta - Usha Mehta was a Gandhian and freedom fighter of India. She is also remembered for organising the Congress Radio, also called the Secret Congress Radio, an underground radio station, which functioned for few months during the Quit India Movement of 1942.

16. Begam Hazrat Mahal - Begum Hazrat Mahal also known as Begum of Awadh. She rebelled against the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She took charge of the affairs in the state of Awadh and seized control of Lucknow. She also arranged for her son, Prince Birjis Qadra, to become Wali (ruler) of Awadh. However, he was forced to abandon this role after a short reign. She finally found asylum in Nepal where she died in 1879.

17. Durgabai Deshmukh - Durgabai Deshmukh was an Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, social worker and politician. She was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India and of the Planning Commission of India. She was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi in India's struggle for freedom from the British Raj and a prominent social reformer who participated in Gandhi-led Satyagraha activities. This led to British Raj authorities imprisoning her three times.

18. Kalpana Datta - Kalpana Datta was an Indian independence movement activist and a member of the armed independence movement led by Surya Sen, which carried out the Chittagong armoury raid in 1930. She served as a relief worker during the 1943 Bengal famine and during the Partition of Bengal.

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Wednesday 1 March 2017

Chart 682 - Patriots of India

Patriots of India Chart
Patriots of India Chart

Spectrum Chart - 682 : Patriots of India

1. Mangal Pandey - Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played a key part in events immediately preceding the outbreak of the Indian rebellion of 1857. Pandey is widely regarded as a hero in modern India. Pandey was a soldier in the 6th Company of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry and is primarily known for his involvement in an attack on several of the regiment's officers. This incident marked an opening stage in the Indian rebellion of 1857 and paved the way for his death.

2. Shivaram Rajguru - Shivaram Hari Rajguru was an Indian revolutionary from Maharashtra, known mainly for his involvement in the assassination of a British Raj police officer. Rajguru became a colleague of Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev and took part in the assassination of a British police officer, J. P. Saunders, at Lahore in 1928. All three were convicted of the charges and hanged on 23 March 1931.

3. Sukhdev Thapar - Sukhdev Thapar was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) and organised revolutionary cells in Punjab and other areas of North India. Sukhdev is best remembered for his involvement in the Lahore Conspiracy Case. He was an accomplice of Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru. On 23 March 1931, all three men were hanged.

4. Bhagat Singh - Bhagat Singh was an Indian socialist and a revolutionary. He is considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian Independence Movement. Bhagat Singh assassinated John Saunders, a British police officer seeking revenge for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. He threw two bombs inside the Central Legislative Assembly. He was convicted and hanged for his participation in the assassination, at the age of 23 in 1931.

5. Rani Laxmi Bai of Jhansi - Laxmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, born as Manikarnika, was the queen & warrior of the Maratha-ruled Jhansi State, situated in the north-central part of India. She was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and became for Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to the British Raj.

6. Tatya Tope - Ramachandra Pandurang Tope, better known by his nickname Tatya Tope was an Indian leader in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and one of its notable generals. He was defeated by General Napier's British Indian troops at Ranod and after a further defeat at Sikar, he was captured & executed by the British Government at Shivpuri on 18 April 1859.

7. Surya Sen - Surya Sen was a Bengali Indian independence activist who was influential in the Indian independence movement who is noted for leading the 1930 Chittagong armoury raid, in Chittagong of Bengal in British India. He was attracted towards revolutionary ideals and joined a revolutionary organization Anushilan Samity.

8. Khudiram Bose - Khudiram Bose was a Bengali revolutionary, one of the youngest revolutionaries early in the Indian independence movement. At the young age of sixteen, Bose planted bombs near police stations and targeted government officials. He was arrested three years later on charges of conducting a series of bomb attacks. At the time of his hanging, he was 18 years, 8 months 8 days old.

9. Sardar Udham Singh - Udham Singh was an Indian revolutionary best known for assassinating Sir Michael O'Dwyer, the former Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab in British India, on 13 March 1940. The assassination has been described as an avenging of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919. In 1924, Singh became involved with the Ghadar Party, organizing Indians overseas towards overthrowing colonial rule.

10. Veer Kunwar Singh - Kunwar Singh belonged to a royal Ujjaini house of Jagdispur in Bihar. Kunwar Singh led the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in Bihar. He was nearly eighty and in failing health when he was called upon to take up arms. He gave a good fight and harried British forces for nearly a year and remained invincible until the end. He was the chief organizer of the fight against the British in Bihar.

11. Vasudev Balwant Fadke - Vasudev Balwant Fadke was an IndianFreedom Fighter who sought India's independence from British. Fadke believed that Swaraj was the only remedy for their ills. With the help of Kolis, Bhils and Dhangars communities in Maharashtra, Vasudev formed a revolutionary group of Ramoshi. The group started an armed struggle to overthrow the British Raj.

12. Nana Sahib - Nana Sahib, born as Dhondu Pant, was an Indian Maratha aristocrat, who led the rebellion in Cawnpore (Kanpur) during the 1857 uprising. Nana Sahib disappeared after the Company's recapture of Cawnpore.

13. Ram Prasad Bismil - Ram Prasad Bismil was an Indian revolutionary who participated in Mainpuri conspiracy of 1918 and the Kakori conspiracy of 1925 and struggled against British imperialism. Apart from being a freedom fighter, he was a patriotic poet and wrote in Hindi and Urdu. Bismil was one of the founding members of the revolutionary organisation Hindustan Republican Association.

14. Kanailal Dutta - Kanailal Dutta was a revolutionary in the India's freedom struggle belonging to the Jugantar group. During 1905 movement against partition of Bengal, Kanailal Dutta was in the forefront. In connection with the Kingsford assassination attempt, Kanailal was arrested and detained in Alipore Jail. Where he was ordered to kill Naren Goswami for which he was sentenced to death. He was aged 20, when he was hanged.

15. Hemu Kalani - Hemu Kalani was a Sindhi revolutionary and freedom fighter during the Indian Independence Movement. He was a leader of Swaraaj Sena. Hemu Kalani joined Mahatma Gandhi's Quit India movement when it was started in 1942.

16. Badal Gupta - Badal Gupta was a Bengali revolutionary nationalist who fought against British rule over India. On 8 December 1930, Badal along with Dinesh Gupta and Benoy, dressed in European costume, entered the Writers' Building and shot dead Col N.S. Simpson, the Inspector General of Prisons, who was infamous for the oppression on the prisoners in the jails. Badal took Potassium cyanide and died on the spot, in order to avoid being caught.

17. Ashfaqulla Khan - Ashfaqulla Khan was a freedom fighter in theIndian independence movement who had sacrificed his life along with Ram Prasad Bismil. Ashfaqulla Khan was hanged for his involvement in Kakori train conspiracy against the British Raj. He was a prominent figure of the Hindustan Republican Association.

18. Bahadur Shah II - Bahadur Shah II or Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal emperor in India. Bahadur Shah Zafar presided over a Mughal Empire that barely extended beyond Delhi's Red Fort. The East India company allowed him a pension. He had no real power in India. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Administration exiled him from Delhi. He was sent to a prison in Rangoon, Burma.

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Chart 679 - Animals on Tree

Animals on Tree Chart
Animals on Tree Chart

Spectrum Chart - 679 : Animals on Tree

1. Colugo (Flying Lemur) - Colugos are arboreal gliding mammals found in Southeast Asia. They are the most capable gliders of all gliding mammals, using flaps of extra skin between their legs to glide from higher to lower locations. They are also known as flying lemurs, although they are not true lemurs. Colugos are shy, nocturnal, solitary organisms found in the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia. They are herbivorous and eat leaves, shoots, flowers, sap and fruit.

2. Tree Kangaroo - There are 14 species of tree kangaroos that can be found in Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Tree kangaroo inhabits lowland rainforests and cloud forest on the altitude of 11,000 feet. Tree kangaroo has reddish-brown coat with light-coloured bands on the back. It has pale-coloured belly, whitish-yellow face and reddish ears and feet. Tree kangaroo spends its life on the trees. Diet of tree kangaroo consists of leaves, flowers, shoots, bark, eggs and small birds.

3. Bat - Bats are large and diverse group of flying mammals. There are 1100 species of bats. Most bats are brown or black coloured. Bats are the only mammals capable of flying. Bats are mostly known for unique, upside down position they have during sleeping. Bats have a long lifespan. Some species can live up to 40 years.

4. Monkey - Monkeys are arboreal mammals. They are in the primate order. Monkeys are intelligent & social animals. They are famous for climbing trees easily. Almost every monkey has a tail, even if it is very short.

5. Leopard - Leopards are part of the cat family. Leopards are well known for their cream and gold spotted fur. A leopard’s body is built for hunting. They have sleek, powerful bodies and can run at speeds of up to 57 km/h. Leopards are mostly nocturnal, hunting their prey at night. Average lifespan is between 10-15 years.

6. Koala - Koalas are native to Australia and live in eucalyptus forests. They have poor eyesight, but excellent sense of smell, which helps them find type of eucalyptus they like to eat. Koalas spend most of their time in trees. They sleep 16-18 hours per day. They are nocturnal animals.

7. Sugar Glider - Sugar glider is tiny marsupial. It can be found in Australia, Tasmania, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Name "sugar glider" originates from the fact that this animal likes to eat sugar and that it can glide through the air. Sugar glider has large eyes that provide excellent night vision as it is nocturnal animal. Sugar glider is an omnivore.

8. Red Panda - Red panda is also known as "Fire Fox" because of its size and red colour of the fur. Upper side of the red panda is red and white in colour. Legs and belly are black. Tail is covered in red and white rings. Red panda spends most of its life in the trees. Red panda is an omnivore. It mostly eats bamboo, but it also consumes fruit, roots, eggs and small mammals.

9. Squirrel - Squirrels are members of the family Sciuridae, consisting of small or medium-size rodents. Most squirrels are omnivores, they eat seeds, berries, pine cones, eat bird's eggs and insects.

10. Coati - Coati is medium-sized mammal that is native to North, Central and South America. Coati has thick fur that is light brown or black-coloured on the back and lighter in colour on the bottom side of the body. Coati is an omnivore. Its eats seeds, fruits, nuts, insects, birds, eggs and small reptiles. Coati can survive 7 to 8 years in the wild.

11. Green Tree Python - Green tree python is a species of python found in New Guinea islands in Indonesia and in Australia. Its main habitat is typically in or near rainforest and is primarily arboreal, residing in trees, shrubs and bushes. The green tree python is characterised by a relatively slim body. The relatively long tail accounts for about 14% of the total length.

12. Chameleon - Chameleon is a type of lizard. There are around 160 species of chameleons. chameleons are known for their ability to change the colour of their skin. Chameleon's tongue is propelled by incredible speed: it takes 0.07 seconds for tongue to reach the victim, it eat locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, mantis and stick insects.

13. Clouded Leopard - Clouded leopard is a rare cat species. It is a medium-sized felid, found from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China. Clouded leopards hunt in trees as well as on the ground. They are one of the few cats who are arboreal. They have average life span of around 11 years.

14. Sloth - Sloth is a medium sized animal. It is usually 2 to 2.5 feet long. Sloths have round face, sad eyes, small ears and short tail. Their body is covered with wiry fur. Fur of the sloth can be black, brown or grey. Sloth is herbivore & usually spends 20 hours per day in sleeping. Sloth is arboreal (lives in the trees) creature.

15. Orangutan - Orangutans are large, red coloured Apes. They are the only group of Great Apes that live outside the Africa. There are two types of orangutans: Sumatran and Borean orangutans. Both species are critically endangered because of poaching and loss of habitat. Orangutans are the largest arboreal mammals. They are herbivore. 50% of their diet consists of fruit.

16. Gibbon - Gibbon is a small ape. It lives in tropical rainforests & dense jungles. Number of gibbons in the wild is very low because of the accelerated deforestation and poaching. Gibbons are often sold as pets. They are arboreal animals. Gibbons are omnivores, Their diet consists mainly of fruit, but they also eat different types of seed, shoots, flowers and insects.

17. Giant Squirrel - Giant squirrel is a large tree squirrel in the genus Ratufa found in the highlands of the Central and Uva provinces of Sri Lanka and in patches of riparian forest along the Kaveri River and in the hill forests of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of southern India. They are known to eat fruits, nuts, insects, bird eggs, and the bark of some trees. The fruit of the climber Combretum ovalifolium is an especially important food source where it occurs.

18. Langur - Langur are found in southeast Asia. Langurs are large and fairly terrestrial, inhabiting forest, open lightly wooded habitats and urban areas on the Indian subcontinent. They usually live in small groups of between 2 and 10 individuals. They mainly eat leaves, as well as some fruit. Langur spend most of their time in trees. They have white fur and black faces.

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Chart 677 - Tropical Fruits

Tropical Fruits Chart
Tropical Fruits Chart

Spectrum Chart - 677 : Tropical Fruits

1. Amla – Amla fruit is almost spherical in shape, light-greenish yellow in colour and appears to be very hard. Its taste is sour and bitter. It is one of the richest known sources of vitamin 'C'. It is considered to be a good remedy against heart diseases. It serves to tone all the vital organs of the body and builds health by eradicating the harmful disease-causing elements from the body.

2. Banana - Banana are usually long and curved with a soft inside covered by a yellow skin. Bananas have a lot of vitamin B6, vitamin C and potassium. Bananas have high nutritional value and are a healthy snack.

3. Mango - Mango is often termed as “The king of the fruits." Langra, Dussheri, Chausa, Tota, Safadi, Alphonso are types of mangoes which are generally found in of India. Mango fruit is an excellent source of Vitamin-A.

4. Custard Apple - Custard apple, also known as chermoyas are native to South America, West Indies and some parts of Asia. The fruit is soft and chewy with a hard exterior. The flesh is white in colour and has a creamy texture.

5. Chikoo - Chikoo is brown coloured round shaped fruit. It composes of soft, easily digestible pulp made of simple sugars like fructose and sucrose. Fresh ripe chikoo is a good source of minerals like potassium, copper, iron and vitamins like folate, niacin and pantothenic acid.

6. Coconut - Coconut is a mature fruit of the coconut palm. Coconut is a complete food rich in calories, vitamins, and minerals. Coconut oil extracted from dry kernel (copra) is an excellent emollient agent.

7. Papaya - Papaya fruit is sweet with a musky flavor. Along with these, it contains varieties of nutrients that make it very healthy food. It posses the capacity to protect from inflammation and cancer.

8. Guava - Guava belongs to the myrtle family. It is a tropical fruit. Guava is low in calories and fats but carry several vital vitamins, minerals and flavonoid compounds that play a pivotal role in the prevention of cancers, ageing, infections, etc.

9. Carambola - Carambola also known as star fruit are tropical fruits. The skin is thin, smooth and waxy and turns a light to dark yellow when ripe. The flesh is light yellow to yellow in colour. Carambola is rich in antioxidants, potassium & vitamin C & low in sugar, sodium & acid.

10. Orange - Orange fruit belongs to citrus family. Orange fruit contains an impressive list of essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals for normal growth and development and overall well-being. Oranges, like other citrus fruits, are an excellent source of vitamin C.

11. Grapes - Grapes are the fruit of a woody grape vine. Grapes can be eaten raw or used for making wine, juice and jelly/jam. Grapes come in different colours red, purple, white and green are some examples.

12. Fig - Fig is a soft, sweet fruit. Its skin is very thin and has many small seeds inside of it. Dried figs are an excellent source of minerals, vitamins and anti-oxidants. In fact, dried figs possess higher concentrations of energy, minerals and vitamins.

13. Lychee - Lychee are sweet delicious & juicy fruit. The inside of a lychee is a clear, pinkish-white colour. The outside of the fruit is a hard spiky shell. Its seed is brown in colour and very hard. Litchi also carries a very good amount of minerals like potassium and copper.

14. Passion Fruit - Passion fruit is a pepo, a type of berry, round to oval, either yellow or dark purple at maturity, with a soft to firm, juicy interior filled with numerous seeds. The fruit is both eaten and juiced passion fruit juice is often added to other fruit juices to enhance aroma.

15. Cashew - Cashew fruit is a soft fruit, rich in nutrients and contains five times more vitamin C than an orange. It can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, the fruit is completely edible and has a mixed blend of sour and sweet taste.

16. Water Apple - Rose Apple or Water Apple is a bell-shaped fruit, about 5 to 8 cm long. The fruit is pink to red in colour with white texture flesh. The fruit possess rich amount of iron, calcium, fiber, Vitamin C, protein and Vitamin A.

17. Pomegranate - Pomegranate is a thick skinned super seedy fruit, it contains hundreds of edible seeds called arils. They are rich in fibre, vitamins, minerals and bioactive plant compounds, but they also contain some sugar.

18. Lemon - Lemon fruits are small, green citrus fruits of round/oval shape, which turn yellow on ripening. It is a versatile fruit with a sweet and sour taste. This fruit is widely consumed in the form of drinks, jams, pickles, candies, snacks etc.

19. Jackfruit - Jackfruit comes from mulberry family. It has thorny projections outside and soft flesh inside which is intensely sweet and delicious in taste. Jackfruit is a good source of calorie but contains no cholesterol or saturated fats. It is rich in vitamins and minerals.

20. Dragon Fruit - Pitaya commonly known as the dragon fruit, is a fruit from Central America, South America and Asia. Dragon fruits have pink skin and white or red flesh with an abundance of small black edible seeds. The flavor is mildly sweet.

21. Muskmelon - Muskmelon are a type of melon. Muskmelon have a super high percentage of water content in them making them cooling and hydrating fruit. Muskmelon has a soothing effect on the digestive system and helps it function optimally.

22. Pineapple - Pineapple is a tropical plant with edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, also called pineapples.Fresh pineapple is low in calories.Fresh pineapple is an excellent source of antioxidant vitamin.

23. Watermelon - A watermelon is a type of edible fruit. They are 92% water. About six percent of a watermelon is sugar. Watermelons are a great source of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B6 and vitamin B1. They also contain potassium & magnesium.

24. Grapefruit - Grapefruit is oblate in shape, it has thick, tough skin. Inside, the fruit is segmented into arils as in other citrus fruits. Its arils are very juicy, acidic and varying in colour, which could be white, pink or red due to varying sweetness.

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Chart 674 – Pune

Pune City Chart
Pune Chart

Spectrum Chart - 674 : Pune

1. Dagadusheth Ganpati Temple – Dagdusheth Ganapati Temple in Pune is dedicated to the Hindu God Ganesh. The temple is popular in Maharashtra and is visited by thousands of pilgrims every year. The temple is a beautiful construction and boasts a rich history of over 100 years. The construction is so simple that all the proceedings in the temple along with the beautiful Ganesh idol can be seen even from outside. The Ganesh idol is 7.5 feet tall and 4 feet wide. It is adorned with nearly 8 kilos of gold.

2. Gandhi Memorial - Gandhi National Memorial is located in the premises of Aga Khan Palace. The palace is closely linked to the Indian freedom movement as it served as a prison for Mahatma Gandhi, his wife Kasturba Gandhi, his secretary Mahadev Desai and Sarojini Naidu. It is also the place where Kasturba Gandhi and Mahadev Desai died. In 1969, Aga Khan Palace was donated to the Indian people by Aga Khan IV as a mark of respect to Gandhi and his philosophy. Today the palace houses a memorial on Gandhi where his ashes were kept. The palace archives a number of photos and portraits depicting glimpses from the life of Mahatma Gandhi and other personalities of the Indian freedom struggle.

3. Saras Baug - Saras Baug is a major landmark in the city of Pune. The place where the park now stands was once occupied by a small lake. However, the lake dried up and was later developed into Saras Baug. The whole 25-acre complex is known as Saras Baug. The Ganesh temple in Saras Baug is also known as Talyatla Ganpati. In 1995, a small museum, displaying over a few hundred idols of Lord Ganesha, was added to the temple premises.

4. Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum - Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum is in Pune, Maharashtra. It contains the collection of Dr. Dinkar G. Kelkar, dedicated to the memory of his only son, Raja. The three-storey building houses various sculptures dating back to the 14th century. There are also ornaments made of ivory, silver and gold, musical instruments, war weapons and vessels. The museum holds over 20,000 objects of which 2,500 are on display. These consist of mainly Indian decorative items from everyday life and other art objects, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries.

5. Aga Khan Palace - The Aga Khan Palace was built by Sultan Muhammed Shah Aga Khan III in Pune, India. Built in 1892, it is one of the biggest landmarks in Indian history. The palace was an act of charity by the Sultan who wanted to help the poor in the neighbouring areas of Pune, who were drastically hit by famine. Aga Khan Palace is a majestic building and is considered to be one of the greatest marvels of India. In 2003, Archaeological Survey of India declared the place as a monument of national importance.

6. P. L. Deshpande Udhyan – P. L. Deshpande Udyan is one of the largest garden located on Sinhagad Road in Pune, Maharashtra. Garden is built on 10 acres. The garden contains natural flow of water from canal which is been spread across the garden. The garden is well maintained and walking on the lawn is not allowed. The garden was built in inspiration of 300-year-old Okayama's Kōraku-en Garden, so it is also called as Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden.

7. Shaniwar Wada - Shaniwar Wada is an 18th-century fortification in the city of Pune in Maharashtra. Built in 1732, it was the seat of the Peshwa rulers of the Maratha Empire until 1818, when the Peshwas lost control to the East India Company. The fort itself was largely destroyed in 1828 by an unexplained fire, but the surviving structures are now maintained as a tourist site. The Shaniwar Wada was originally a seven storied capital building of the Peshwa empire.

8. Rajiv Gandhi Zoo (Katraj Udhyan) - Rajiv Gandhi Zoo, is located in Katraj near the city of Pune. It is managed by the Pune Municipal Corporation. The 130-acre zoo is divided into three parts, an animal orphanage, a snake park and a zoo and includes the 42-acre Katraj Lake. The zoo has a white tiger and a male Bengal tiger. Other mammals at the zoo include leopard, sloth bears, barking deer, monkeys, sambhars, blackbucks and elephants. The snake park has a large collection of snakes, reptiles, birds and turtles. There are over 22 species of snakes.

9. Khadakwasla Dam - Khadakwasla Dam is a dam on the Mutha River in Pune district, Maharashtra. This dam across the river Mutha created an attractive lake, now known as Khadakwasla Lake. This lake is the main source of water for Pune and its suburbs. The Khadakwasla Dam is 1.6 km long. The length of the Khadakwasla backwaters is nearly 22 km and the width varies from 250 m to one km. The maximum depth in the lake is 36 m. The dam has 11 radial type sluice gates and six irrigation outlets, flowing into two canals.

10. Shri Sant Tukaram's Temple - Shri Sant Tukaram's Temple is one of the biggest temple near Pune. A big statue of Tukaram sitting with a Veena in his hand is located at the entrance of the temple. The main attraction of the temple is that all Gatha (Abhang) of Sant Tukaram Maharaj carved on walls of the temple. More than 4000 Abhang are carved on walls.

11. NDA (National Defence Academy) Pune - National Defence Academy (NDA) is located at Khadakwasla near Pune, Maharashtra. It is the first tri-service academy in the world. National Defence Academy (NDA) is the Joint Services academy of the Indian Armed Forces, where cadets of the three services, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force train together before they go on to pre-commissioning training in their respective service academies. NDA campus spans across 7,015 acres.

12. Parvati Hill Temple - Parvati Hill is a hillock in Pune. The hillock rises to 2,100 feet above sea level. Atop the hillock is the Parvati Temple, one of the most scenic locations in Pune. The temple is the oldest heritage structure in Pune and was built during the rule of the Peshwa dynasty. The main temple, Devdeveshwara, is made of blackstone. It was completed under Balaji Baji Rao, in 1749. Other temples are dedicated to Vitthal and Rukmini, Vishnu and Kartikeya.

13. Karla Caves - Karla Caves are a complex of ancient Indian Buddhist rock-cut cave shrines located in Karli, Pune district, Maharashtra. The shrines were developed over the period – from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. The oldest of the cave shrines is believed to date back to 160 BC. The karla cave complex is built into a rocky hillside with large windows cut into the rock to light the cave interiors. The caves are believed to be some of thousands of similar caves excavated in the Sahyadri Hills in the early 1st millennium AD.

14. Pune University – Pune University, is a university in Pune, founded in 1948. Spread over a 411 acres campus, the university is home to 46 academic departments. It has been given the highest "A" rating by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) for its overall performance. The university is named after Savitribai Phule, an Indian social reformer who is known for her contribution towards empowerment and emancipation of women through education. The university has affiliated colleges, departments and research institutes, which are primarily in Pune.

15. Lal Mahal - Lal Mahal of Pune is one of the most famous monuments located in Pune, India. In the year 1630 AD, Shivaji's Father Shahaji Bhosale, established the Lal Mahal for his wife Jijabai and son. Shivaji stayed here for several years until he captured his first fort. The original Lal Mahal fell into ruins and the current Lal Mahal is a reconstruction of the original and located in the centre of the Pune city. Shivaji's marriage with his first wife, Maharani Saibai took place in Lal Mahal.

16. Shinde Chhatri - Shinde Chhatri, located in Wanawadi, a well known place in Pune, India, is a memorial dedicated to the 18th century military leader Mahadji Shinde who served as the commander-in-chief of the Maratha army under the Peshwas from 1760 to 1780. It is one of the most significant landmarks in the city and is reminiscent of the Maratha rule. The major attraction of the Shinde Chhatri of Pune is its exquisite architecture, reflecting the style used in Rajasthan. The memorial retains its architectural design and beauty till date.

17. Sinhagad Fort - Sinhagad Fort in Pune has been the site of many important battles, most notably the Battle of Sinhagad in 1671. It was also strategically located at the centre of a string of other forts such as Rajgad, Purandar and Torna.

18. Fergusson College - Fergusson College is a degree college in Pune. It was founded in 1885 by the Deccan Education Society and was the first privately governed college in India. The 65 acre campus of the college is located in the heart of the city. It provides athletic and cultural facilities, as well as residential facilities for more than six hundred students and faculty. Since 1948, the college has been under the jurisdiction of the University of Pune. The college has produced, amongst several ministers and legislators including two Indian Prime Ministers V. P. Singh & P. V. Narasimha Rao.

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Chart 673 - Forms of Lands

Forms of Lands Chart
Forms of Lands Chart

Spectrum Chart - 673 : Forms of Lands

1. Bay – A bay is an area of water. It is surrounded by land on three sides. A bay is a body of water connected to an ocean or lake, formed by an indentation of the shoreline. The land surrounding a bay can often block waves and reduce the strength of winds. Thus bays were significant in the history of human settlement because they could provide a safe place for fishing.

2. Coast – A coast or a seashore is the area where land meets the sea or ocean. The coast also means the land next to the sea, which can also be called the shore, or sea-shore. However, coast is not used to describe where rivers or lakes meet the land - it is only used to describe the sea meeting the land. Coasts, especially those with beaches and warm water, attract tourists. Coasts offer recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, surfing, boating and sunbathing.

3. Desert – A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. Hot deserts are mostly in the subtropics. They can be covered by sand, rock, salt lakes, stony hills and even mountains. The largest hot desert in the world is the Sahara in North Africa.

4. Forest – A forest is a large area of land covered with trees or other woody vegetation. Forests are very important and grow in many places around the world. They are an ecosystem which includes many plants and animals. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass.

5. Hills – A hill is a land form that is higher than the surrounding terrain and that is smaller than a mountain. Hill is a highland of much lower elevation than a mountain. Normally it is not as steep as a mountain. The surface of a hill is much more stable than that of a dune.

6. Island – An island is a piece of ground that is surrounded by a body of water such as a lake, river or sea. Water is all around an island. There are two main types of islands: continental islands and oceanic islands. The largest island in the world is Greenland.

7. Loess - Loess is a clastic, predominantly silt-sized sediment that is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust. It covers about 10% of the Earth's surface. Loess is homogeneous, porous, friable, pale yellow or buff, slightly coherent, typically non-stratified and often calcareous. Loess grains are angular with little polishing or rounding and composed of crystals of quartz, feldspar, mica and other minerals.

8. Mountains – A mountain is a large land form that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism. Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers, weather conditions and glaciers. A few mountains are isolated summits, but most occur in huge mountain ranges. The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas.

9. Peninsula – A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but connected to mainland. Many countries are found on peninsulas and may either take up part of a peninsula or all of it, such as India. The Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world with an area of 3,237,500 square kilometres.

10. Plains – A plain is a flat & large area of land with no hills or mountains. Plains occur as lowlands and at the bottoms of valleys but also on plateaus or uplands at high elevations. Plains in many areas are important for agriculture because where the soils were deposited as sediments they may be deep and fertile and the flatness facilitates mechanisation of crop production.

11. Plateau – A plateau is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain that is raised significantly above the surrounding area, often with one or more sides with steep slopes. Plateaus can be formed by a number of processes, including upwelling of volcanic magma, extrusion of lava and erosion by water and glaciers. The largest and highest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau.

12. Valley – A valley is a type of land formation. A valley is a lower part in the land, between two higher parts which might be hills or mountains. A valley is made deeper by a stream of water or a river as it flows from the high land to the lower land, and into a lake or sea. Some valleys are made by glaciers which are slow-moving rivers of ice. Many of the people of the world live in valleys because there is often a river or stream in a valley for fresh water and there is often good soil in a valley to grow crops.

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