Chart 344 - Great Indian Women 2

Great Indian Women 2 Chart

Spectrum Chart - 344 : Great Indian Women 2

1. Lata Mangeshkar - Lata Mangeshkar is an Indian playback singer. She is one of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India. Mangeshkar's career started in 1942 and has spanned over seven decades. She has recorded songs for over a thousand Hindi films and has sung songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages and foreign languages. She is the second vocalist, after M. S. Subbulakshmi, to have ever been awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

2. Asha Bhosle - Asha Bhosle is best known as a playback singer in Hindi cinema, although she has a wider repertoire. She has done playback singing for over a thousand Bollywood movies. Renowned for her voice range and often credited for her versatility, Bhosle's work includes film music, pop, ghazals, bhajans, traditional Indian classical music, folk songs, qawwalis and Rabindra Sangeets. In 2011, she was officially acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most recorded artist in music history.

3. Kiran Bedi - Kiran Bedi is a retired Indian Police Service officer, social activist, former tennis player and politician who is the current Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry. She is the first woman to join the Indian Police Service(IPS) in 1972. She remained in service for 35 years.

4. Kalpana Chawla - Kalpana Chawla was an Indo-American astronaut and the first woman of Indian origin in space. She first flew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. Kalpana Chawla died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster which occurred on February 1, 2003, when the Columbia disintegrated over Texas during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, with the death of all seven crew members.

5. Gayatri Devi - Maharani Gayatri Devi was the third Maharani consort of Jaipur from 1940 to 1949 through her marriage to Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II. Following her husband's signature for the Jaipur State to become part of the Union of India, she was later known as 'Maharani Gayatri Devi, Rajmata of Jaipur. Following India's independence, she became an extremely successful politician. Gayatri Devi was also celebrated for her classical beauty and became something of a fashion icon in her adulthood.

6. Sonia Gandhi - Sonia Gandhi is an Italian-born Indian politician, who has served as President of the Indian National Congress party since 1998. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi. In 2013, Sonia Gandhi was overall ranked 21st and 3rd most powerful woman in Forbes powerful list.

7. Arundhati Roy - Arundhati Roy is an Indian author who is best known for her novel 'The God of Small Things' (1997), which won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1997. This novel became the biggest-selling book by a non expatriate Indian author. She is also a political activist involved in human rights and environmental causes.

8. Jayalalitha - Jayaraman Jayalalithaa commonly referred to as Amma by members in her party and by people of Tamil Nadu. She is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, in office since 2015. Previously she served as Chief Minister from 1991 to 1996, in 2001, from 2002 to 2006 and from 2011 to 2014. She was an actress before her entry into politics and appeared in 140 films which includes Tamil, Telugu and Kannada films. Jayalalithaa became the first incumbent chief minister in India to be disqualified from holding office due to conviction in a disproportionate assets case, she was later acquitted.

9. Medha Patkar - Medha Patkar is an Indian social activist and social reformer turned politician. She is the founder member of Narmada Bachao Andolan and was National Convener of National Alliance of People's Movements (NAPM), an alliance of progressive people's organisations. She was a representative to the World Commission on Dams, to research the environmental, social and economic impacts of the development of large dams globally.

10. Maneka Gandhi - Maneka Sanjay Gandhi is the Indian Union Cabinet Minister for Women & Child Development in the Government of PM Narendra Modi. She is also an animal rights activist, environmentalist and widow of the Indian politician, Sanjay Gandhi. She has been a minister in four governments and has authored a number of books in the areas of etymology, law and animal welfare. Maneka Gandhi is a member of the Nehru-Gandhi Family.

11. Sushmita Sen - Sushmita Sen is an Indian film actress, model and the winner of the Miss Universe pageant of 1994. She was the first Indian to win the crown. After completing her reign, Sushmita Sen went on to pursue a career in Bollywood.

12. Aishwarya Rai - Aishwarya Rai, is an Indian actress, model and the winner of the Miss World pageant of 1994. Through her Bollywood acting career, she has established herself as one of the most popular and high-profile celebrities in India. Rai has received several awards, including two Filmfare Awards and she was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009. She is often cited as the "most beautiful woman in the world".

13. Mallika Sarabhai - Mallika Sarabhai is an activist and Indian classical dancer from Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Daughter of a classical dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai and renowned space scientist Vikram Sarabhai, Mallika is an accomplished Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam dancer and performer who has specialized in using the arts for social change and transformation. She is a noted choreographer and dancer and has also acted in a few Hindi, Malayalam, Gujarati and international films.

14. Bachendri Pal - Bachendri Pal is an Indian mountaineer, who in 1984 became the first Indian woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest. After summitting a number of smaller peaks, she was selected to join India's first mixed-gender team to attempt an expedition to Mount Everest in 1984. She was awarded Arjuna award & Padma Shri award by the Government of India.

15. Sania Mirza - Sania Mirza is an Indian professional tennis player who is ranked No. 1 in the women's doubles rankings. From 2003 until her retirement from singles in 2013, she was ranked by the WTA as India's No. 1 player, both in singles and doubles. She is the highest-ranked female player ever from India, peaking at world No. 27 in singles in mid-2007. She has won 6 grand slam titles in doubles, 3 each in mixed doubles & women's doubles. She won various awards like Arjuna Award, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Padma Shri & Padma Bhushan.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 338 - Diseases 3

Diseases 3 Chart

Spectrum Chart - 338 : Diseases 3

1. Influenza - Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. Common symptoms include a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing and feeling tired. Yearly vaccinations against influenza are recommended by the WHO for prevention.

2. Dengue - Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. This may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains and a characteristic skin rash. The diagnosis of dengue is typically made clinically, on the basis of reported symptoms and physical examination.

3. Conjunctivitis - Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid. It makes the eye appear pink or reddish. There may also be pain, burning, scratchiness or itchiness. Conjunctivitis when caused by an infection is most commonly caused by a viral infection. Bacterial infections, allergies, other irritants and dryness are also common causes. Conjunctivitis may also be caused by allergens such as pollen, perfumes, smoke, cosmetics, dust mites and eye drops.

4. Sleeping Sickness - Sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. It is usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas. In the first stage of the disease, there are fevers, headaches, itchiness and joint pains. Treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neurological symptoms occur.

5. Small Pox – Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. Infection with smallpox is focused in small blood vessels of the skin and in the mouth and throat before disseminating. After vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the WHO certified the global eradication of smallpox in 1979.

6. Cancer – Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements. Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.

7. Parkinson - Parkinson's disease is a disease that slowly damages the central nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spine. When a person gets Parkinson's disease, the cells that make dopamine in a part of the brain die. Dopamine cells send information to other cells which makes us do the actions we do. Because of this, Parkinson's disease mainly affects the body's motor system. People normally get Parkinson’s disease when they are over 50 years old.

8. Sinusitis - Sinusitis is inflammation of the sinuses resulting in symptoms. Common signs and symptoms include thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose and pain in the face. Other signs and symptoms may include fever, headaches, poor sense of smell, sore throat and cough. Recommended treatments for most cases of sinusitis include rest and drinking enough water to thin the mucus. Breathing low-temperature steam such as from a hot shower or gargling can relieve symptoms.

9. Guinea Worm - Guinea-worm disease is an infection by the Guinea worm. A person becomes infected when they drink water that contains water fleas infected with guinea worm larvae. Initially there are no symptoms. About one year later, the person develops a painful burning feeling as the female worm forms a blister in the skin, usually on the lower limb. The worm then comes out of the skin over the course of a few weeks.

10. Hepatitis B - Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain. Infection with hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, where an injection is given which makes the body immune to the virus. It is recommended that all people are given a series of three vaccines over a few months.

11. Psoriasis – Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune disease which is characterised by patches of abnormal skin. These skin patches are typically red, itchy and scaly. They may vary in severity from small and localised to complete body coverage. There is no cure for psoriasis. However, various treatments can help control the symptoms. These treatments may include steroid creams, vitamin D3 cream, ultraviolet light and immune system suppressing medications.

12. Blood Cancer - Blood cancer is a type of cancer or tumor. Blood cancer hurts the blood, bone marrow, lymph and lymphatic system. Sometimes more than one body part is hurt. People with blood cancer often take drugs called chemotherapy or immunotherapy. If the blood cancer is in one place, they may have radiotherapy. A bone marrow transplant is a difficult way to kill blood cancers.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 337 - Diseases 2

Diseases 2 Chart

Spectrum Chart - 337 : Diseases 2

1. Pneumonia – Pneumonia is a disease of the lungs and the respiratory system. The lung contains many small bulbs or sacs called alveoli. These help to take out oxygen from the air. In the case of pneumonia, these bulbs become inflamed. They fill up with a fluid and can no longer absorb as much oxygen as before. Pneumonia is due to infections caused primarily by bacteria or viruses and less commonly by fungi and parasites. Pneumonia is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical signs and a chest X-ray.

2. Chikungunya – Chikungunya is an infection caused by the chikungunya virus. It can cause joint pains that can last for weeks, months or sometimes even years. Chikungunya is spread to humans by two species of mosquito Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. Since 2004, there have been outbreaks in Asia, Europe and The Americas. There is no known treatment or cure for chikungunya.

3. Diarrhea - Diarrhea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria or parasite, a condition known as gastroenteritis. Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water and hand washing with soap.

4. Chicken Pox - Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus. The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters, which eventually scab over. It usually starts on the chest, back and face then spreads to the rest of the body. Chickenpox is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person.

5. Asthma – Asthma is a common long term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterised by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens.

6. Leprosy - Leprosy is an infectious disease. It has been known for a very long time. It is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae. A person with leprosy is called a leper. Getting the disease is hard, since it requires close contact with someone who has it, over a long period of time. About 95% of people seem to be naturally immune to it. Most cases of leprosy occur in India and other developing countries. The symptoms of leprosy are irregular spots and patches on the skin. These are either lighter coloured than the surrounding skin or reddish in colour.

7. Typhoid - Typhoid is a bacterial infection due to Salmonella typhi that causes symptoms, which may vary from mild to severe and usually begin six to thirty days after exposure. Typhoid usually lasts between two weeks and a month. The symptoms of typhoid often appear 10 to 14 days after infection. If no treatment is given, between one and three out of every ten patients die.

8. Anthrax – Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It can occur in four forms skin, inhalation, intestinal and injection. Symptoms begin between one day and two months after contracting the infection. The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black centre. Anthrax is spread by contact with the spores of the bacteria, which are often from infectious animal products. Contact is by breathing, eating or through an area of broken skin. It does not typically spread directly between people.

9. Polio – Polio is a virus that causes a serious disease. It is spread from person to person. Most of the time, polio has no symptoms unless it goes into the blood. Once infected there is no specific treatment. In 2015 polio affected less than 100 people, down from 350,000 cases in 1988. It is hoped that vaccination efforts and early detection of cases will result in global eradication of the disease by 2018.

10. Jaundice – Jaundice is when the skin and the whites of the eyes become a yellow colour. People with jaundice have a problem with their liver, which stops it from removing dead red blood cells properly. These blood cells contain a chemical called bilirubin. Bilirubin causes the yellow colouring of the skin. Jaundice is often seen in liver disease such as hepatitis or liver cancer. The main symptom of jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the white area of the eye and the skin. Urine is dark in colour.

11. Thyrotoxic Goitre (Thyroid) – A thyroid disease is a medical condition impairing the function of the thyroid. Different thyroid diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. These diseases have a large range of symptoms and affect all ages. Imbalance in production of thyroid hormones arises from dysfunction of the thyroid gland itself, the pituitary gland, which produces thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) or the hypothalamus, which regulates the pituitary gland via thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Hypothyroidism affects between three and ten percent of adults, with incidence higher in women and the elderly.

12. Brain Tumor – A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. There are two main types of tumors: malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors. All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involved. These may include headaches, seizures, problem with vision, vomiting and mental changes. The cause of most brain tumors is unknown. The treatment varies based on the type of tumor. For meningiomas, surgical removal of the tumor alone is often sufficient. Malignant tumors like anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme, however, require more aggressive therapy.

13. Herpes - Herpes is a virus. It causes two common diseases. Both diseases have painful, watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes or on the genitals. They have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. These typically heal over two to four weeks. Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear.

14. Cardiac Defibrillation (Heart Attack) - Heart attack occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw. Most heart attacks are caused by coronary artery disease. A wax-like material called plaque builds up on the inside walls of arteries in the heart. Due to which less blood can flow through the blood vessels & reach heart, this causes heart attack. A person can lower their chances of getting coronary artery disease by eating healthy foods, exercising, not smoking cigarettes and not drinking alcohol.

15. Diabetes - Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Diabetes is the condition that results from lack of insulin in a person's blood. Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Diabetes can often be prevented by maintaining a normal body weight, engaging in physical exercise and consuming a healthful diet.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 336 - Diseases 1

Diseases 1 Chart

Spectrum Chart - 336 : Diseases 1

1. Fever – A fever is when a person's body temperature is hotter than 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 Fahrenheit). Normal body temperature for humans varies based on a variety of factors, including age and level of physical activity. A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from the not serious to potentially serious. This includes viral, bacterial and parasitic infections such as the common cold, urinary tract infections, meningitis, malaria and appendicitis among others.

2. Malaria – Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite it is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. People catch malaria when the parasite enters the blood. The parasite causes a deadly infection which kills many people each year. Malaria is treated with antimalarial medications, the ones used depends on the type and severity of the disease.

3. Blood Pressure - Blood pressure is a measurement used in medicine. In the body, the arteries carry blood away from the heart. As blood travels through the arteries, it presses against the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure measures how hard the blood is pushing against the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure that is low due to a disease state is called hypotension and pressure that is consistently high is hypertension. Long term hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases, including heart disease, stroke and kidney failure.

4. Cholera – Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Cholera may be life-threatening, prevention of the disease is normally straightforward if proper sanitation practices are followed. In developed countries, due to nearly universal advanced water treatment and sanitation practices, cholera is no longer a major health threat.

5. Plague – Plague is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Depending on lung infection, or sanitary conditions, plague can be spread in the air, by direct contact or very rarely by contaminated under cooked food. The symptoms of plague depend on the concentrated areas of infection in each person bubonic plague in lymph nodes, septicemic plague in blood vessels, pneumonic plague in lungs. It is treatable if detected early. Plague is still relatively common in some remote parts of the world.

6. Aids - Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is transmitted by three main routes sexual contact, significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding. HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of certain signs or symptoms. In many areas of the world, a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent.

7. Renal Failure - Renal failure is a medical condition of impaired kidney function in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter metabolic wastes from the blood. The two main forms are acute kidney injury, which is often reversible with adequate treatment and chronic kidney disease, which is often not reversible. In both cases, there is usually an underlying cause. Renal failure is mainly determined by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate, which is the rate at which blood is filtered in the glomeruli of the kidney.

8. Skin Leukemia - Skin leukemia is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells. These white blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells. Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising problems, feeling tired, fever and an increased risk of infections. These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells. Diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy.

9. Arthritis - Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation in one or more joints. There are over 100 different forms of arthritis. Pain, which can vary in severity, is a common symptom in virtually all types of arthritis. Other symptoms include swelling, joint stiffness and aching around the joint. There is no known cure for either rheumatoid or osteoarthritis. Treatment options vary depending on the type of arthritis and include physical therapy, lifestyle changes, orthopedic bracing and medications.

10. Gangrene – Gangrene is a serious medical condition that causes the decay and death of body tissue, usually in the extremities such as the fingers, hands, toes, and feet. The two main types of gangrene are dry gangrene and wet gangrene. A third less common type is a form of wet gangrene known as gas gangrene. Gangrene is caused by a critically insufficient blood supply or infection. It is associated with diabetes and long-term tobacco smoking. The best treatment for gangrene is revascularization of the afflicted organ, which can reverse some of the effects of necrosis and allow healing. Other treatments include antibiotic therapy, wound care, debridement and surgical amputation.

11. Elephantiasis – Elephantiasis is caused by parasitic worms of the roundworm family. Many cases of the disease have no symptoms. Some people however, develop the syndrome of elephantiasis which may include severe swelling in the arms, legs or genitals. The changes to the body can cause social and economic problems for the affected person.

12. Tuberculosis – Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart No 335 - Climatic Regions 2

Climatic Regions 2 Chart

Spectrum Chart - 335 : Climatic Regions 2

1. Polar Region (South Pole) – Polar regions are dominated by Earth's polar ice caps, the southern polar region is resting on the continent of Antarctica. South Pole has a desert climate, almost never receiving any precipitation. Air humidity is near zero. However, high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall. The southern polar region has no permanent human habitation.

2. Arctic Region – Arctic region is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean and parts of Alaska (United States), Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. Arctic's climate is characterised by cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow.

3. Equatorial Region - Equatorial regions are located in a band around the Equator and cover about 6% of the Earth's surface. They are often in lowland areas and have a climate that is hot and wet all year round. Tropical rainforests grow in the equatorial regions.

4. Moorland – Moorland is a type of habitat found in upland areas in temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands and montane grasslands and shrublands biomes, characterised by low-growing vegetation on acidic soils. Moorland nowadays generally means uncultivated hill land. Moorland habitats are most extensive in the neotropics and tropical Africa but also occur in northern and western Europe, Northern Australia, North America, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.

5. Deciduous Forest - Deciduous forest, vegetation composed primarily of broad-leaved trees that shed all their leaves during one season. Deciduous forest is found in three middle-latitude regions with a temperate climate characterised by a winter season and year-round precipitation, eastern North America, western Eurasia and northeastern Asia. Oaks, beeches, birches, chestnuts, aspens, elms, maples and basswoods are the dominant trees in mid-latitude deciduous forests.

6. Hot Desert Region – A desert is a very dry biome. They get less than 25 cm (about 10 inches) of rainfall a year. Hot deserts are mostly in the subtropics. They can be covered by sand, rock, salt lakes, stony hills and even mountains. The Sahara desert is the hottest desert region in the world.

7. Monsoon Region – Monsoon region receives the high amount of rainfall during the monsoon season. Region consists of high amount of green vegetation. Waterfall can also found in such regions.

8. Mediterranean Region - Mediterranean region is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot & dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub vegetation. Mediterranean region covers portions of three continents Africa, Asia and Europe.

9. Wet Land – A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem. Wetlands play a number of roles in the environment, principally water purification, flood control, carbon sink and shoreline stability. Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life.

10. Tundra Region – Tundra region is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. In tundra, the vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges, grasses, mosses and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The climate in a tundra region consists of freezing cold and dryness in the winter and cold summers.

11. Tropical Forest – Tropical forests are usually found in areas receiving more than 200 mm of rainfall and having a temperature of 15 °C to 30 °C and have annual humidity exceeding 77%. Tropical evergreen forests are dense, multi-layered and harbour many types of plants and animals. The canopy tree species are mostly tall hardwoods with broad leaves that release large quantities of water through transpiration.

12. Fresh Water Marsh – A freshwater marsh is a marsh that contains fresh water. Freshwater marshes are usually found near the mouths of rivers and are present in areas with low drainage. Freshwater marshes are non-tidal biomes containing little or no peat. Freshwater marshes support an independent pH-neutral ecosystem which encourages biodiversity. Common species include ducks, geese, swans, songbirds, swallows, coots and black ducks.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 334 - Climatic Regions 1

Climatic Regions 1 Chart

Spectrum Chart - 334 : Climatic Regions 1

1. Polar Region (North Pole) – The polar regions of Earth, also known as Earth's frigid zones, are the regions of Earth surrounding its geographical poles. These regions are dominated by Earth's polar ice caps, the northern resting on the Arctic Ocean. There are many settlements in Earth's north polar region. Countries with claims to Arctic regions are: the United States(Alaska), Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway, Finland, Sweden, Iceland and Russia.

2. Antarctic Region – The Antarctic region is a polar region, specifically the region around the Earth's South Pole. The region covers some 20% of the Southern Hemisphere. Antarctic region had no indigenous population when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient scientific and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen research stations maintained by various countries.

3. Taiga Region - Taiga region is characterised by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces and larches. Taiga region is the world's largest land biome and makes up 29% of the world's forest cover. The taiga region has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature. The taiga experiences relatively low precipitation throughout the year.

4. Pampa Region (Low Land Plains) – Pampas region are fertile South American lowlands, covering more than 750,000 km², that include the Argentina, most of Uruguay and the southernmost Brazil. The climate is mild, with precipitation of 600 to 1,200 mm, more or less evenly distributed through the year, making the soils appropriate for agriculture. These plains contain unique wildlife because of the different terrains around it. Some of this wildlife includes the rhea, the pampas deer, several species of armadillos, the pampas fox, the white-eared opossum, the elegant crested tinamou and several other species.

5. Prairie Region – Prairie region are ecosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall and a composition of grasses, herbs and shrubs, rather than trees, as the dominant vegetation type. Prairie regions in North America is usually split into three groups: wet, mesic and dry. They are generally characterised by tall grass prairie, mixed or short grass prairie depending on the quality of soil and rainfall.

6. Temperate Region (Steppe) – A steppe is an eco region, in the montane grasslands and shrublands and temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biomes, characterised by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes. Steppes are usually characterised by a semi-arid and continental climate. Extremes can be recorded in the summer of up to 40 °C and in winter, −40 °C. Besides this huge difference between summer and winter, the differences between day and night are also very great.

7. Savannah Grassland Region – Savannah is a grassland ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of grasses. Savannas are characterised by seasonal water availability, with the majority of rainfall confined to one season. Savanna covers approximately 20% of the Earth's land area.

8. Coniferous Forest - Coniferous forests are made up mainly of cone-bearing or coniferous trees, such as spruces, hemlocks, pines and firs. The leaves of these trees are either small and needle-like or scale-like and most stay green all year around. Coniferous forests are found mainly in the northern hemisphere. Coniferous trees thrive where summers are short and cool and winters long and harsh.

9. West European Type Region - The climate of Western European type region varies from subtropical and desertic. Western European region lands are used for many different types of agriculture, which is caused by the differences in climates and the different terrain that can be found in each region.

10. Snow Mountain Region (Glacier) - A glacier is a large body of ice and snow. It forms because the snow in an area does not all melt in summer. Each winter, more snow is added. The weight of all the snow creates pressure. This pressure turns the lower parts of the snow into ice. After this happens for many years, the glacier will start growing large. It becomes so heavy that gravity causes the ice to move. Glaciers are the largest sources of fresh water on Earth.

11. Rain Forest – A rainforest is a forest that gets a lot of rain. The most notable rainforests are tropical or sub-tropical. A typical rainforest is the Amazon rainforest. Forests like this have extraordinary biodiversity. It covers over half of all plant and animal species live in the rainforest. Also more than 1/4 of all medicines come from here. Covering only 6% of the Earth's land area they are still an important source of oxygen.

12. Himalayan Region – Himalayas are a mountain range in South Asia, the highest in the world. 15 highest mountains in the world are in the Himalayas. The main ones are the Mount Everest, K2, Annapurna and Nanga Parbat. Mount Everest is the highest mountain on the face of the Earth. Mount Everest is 8,848 meters. Himalayas contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 328 - Domestic Animals 2

Domestic Animals 2 Chart

Spectrum Chart - 328 : Domestic Animals 2

1. Dog - There are currently around 800 different species of domestic dog worldwide. Dogs are used by Humans for hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police, military and aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend.”
2. Cow - In India the cow is seen as a sacred animal. Cows are raised as a dairy animals for milk and other dairy products & as livestock for meat. Cow is a herbivore. Clover and grass are its favourite type of food. Cow consumes 40 to 100 pounds of food per day and drinks 30 to 50 gallons of water.
3. Goat - Goats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans. Goats have been used for their meat, hair, milk and skins. Goats produce about 2% of the world's total annual milk supply.
4. Buffalo - Buffaloes are used in farming for ploughing, tilling rice fields etc. Buffalo milk is processed into a large variety of dairy products. The bones and horns are often made into jewellery. Horns are used for the embouchure of musical instruments, such as ney and kaval.
5. Cat - Cats are common pets worldwide. The average domestic cat sleeps for around 18 hours a day. Cats have excellent night vision and can see at only one-sixth the light level required for human vision.
6. Sheep - Sheep are medium-sized herbivorous animal. Sheep are mainly farmed for their meat and wool but sheep are also occasionally farmed for their milk. Sheep's wool is the most widely used animal fibre.
7. Ox - An ox is also known as a bullock. Ox are used for ploughing, for transport (pulling carts), for threshing grain by trampling. Ox are also used to skid logs in forests, particularly in low-impact & select-cut logging.
8. Rabbit - Rabbits are small mammals that belong to group of animals called Lagomorphs. They can be found on all continents except Antarctica. Rabbits prefer edges of the forests, but they also inhabit deserts, marshes and grasslands. Rabbits are vegetarians, they eat leafy plants and bark. Commercially rabbits are bred for it's meat, fur, wool & for laboratory testing purpose.
9. Ram - Rams are male bighorn sheep, animals that live in the mountains. They live in the Rocky Mountain region of North America. Rams are herbivores. They typically eat seeds, grass and plants.
10. Yak - Yaks have been kept primarily for their milk, fibre and meat. Yaks are used to transport goods across mountain passes for local farmers and traders. The average lifespan of a yak is about 20 years.
11. Donkey - Donkey is known as a working animal. After human labour, the donkey is the cheapest form of agricultural power. Donkeys are used to be ridden, used for threshing, raising water, milling and other work. Donkey is a herbivore. Its diet is based on grass and grains. Donkey has excellent memory and ability to recognise other donkeys & people.
12. Mule - Mule is domestic animal created via interbreeding of male donkey and female horse. It can be found all over the world today. Mules are used for pulling ploughs, riding and carrying of heavy loads. Most mules are grey, brown, reddish or black-coloured. Mule is a herbivore. Its diet is based on grass, vegetables and weed.
13. Horse - Horses are used by humans for the working activities such as agriculture, transportation, sports events etc. Horse is a herbivore. Its diet is based mostly on alfalfa and various grains. Horse has the biggest eyes of all land mammals and visual field of nearly 360 degrees. Domestic horses have average lifespan of between 25 to 30 years.
14. Pig - Pigs are omnivores and are highly social and intelligent animals. Pigs are raised commercially for meat generally called pork, hams, gammon or bacon, as well as for leather. Their bristly hairs are also used for brushes.
15. Camel - Camel is known as a 'Ship of desert.' They are mostly found in deserts & dry regions. Camels have been used by people for transporting goods & people across the desert and also for its milk and meat.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 320 - Birds & Their Beaks

Birds & Their Beaks Chart

Spectrum Chart - 320 : Birds & Their Beaks

1. Pigeon - Pigeon any of several species of birds constituting the family Columbidae. Pigeons are gentle, plump, small-billed birds with a skin saddle between the bill & forehead. Pigeons occur worldwide except in the coldest regions and the most remote islands.

2. Sparrow - Sparrow are small passerine birds which belong to the family Passeridae. Sparrows are small birds. They are between 11–18 centimetres long. They are usually brown and grey. They have short tails and small, strong beaks. Most sparrows eat seeds or small insects. Sparrows are social birds and they live in flocks.

3. Peacock - Peacock is the national bird of India. Peacock is a bird of the Phasianidae family. Peacock feathers accounts for 60 percent of the bird's total body length and with a wingspan measuring 5 feet, it is one of the largest flying birds in the world. Peacock are omnivorous, they eat many types of plants, flower petals, seeds,insects and small reptiles such as lizards.

4. Parrot - There are roughly 372 species of parrots in 86 genera and they are found in most tropical and subtropical regions. Parrots have curved beaks, strong legs and clawed feet. They are often brightly coloured. Parrots are believed to be one of the most intelligent bird species. Some parrot species can live for over 80 years.

5. Mynah - Mynah is a member of the family Sturnidae native to Asia. Mynah has brown body, black hooded head and the bare yellow patch behind the eye. The bill and legs are bright yellow. There is a white patch on the outer primaries and the wing lining on the underside is white.

6. Hawk - Hawk are a large group of birds of prey of the order Falconiformes. There are around 270 species of hawks that can be found on all continents except Antarctica. Hawks are characterised by sharp talons, large, curved bill and muscular legs. Sharp bill is used for biting and tearing the prey. Hawks have excellent eyesight. They can see 8 times better than humans. Lifespan of a hawk is between 13 and 20 years in wild.

7. Bald Eagle - Bald eagle is a bird of prey that lives in North America. The bald eagle is a large bird. It is usually as tall as 70 to 102 centimetres and its wingspan is 2.44 metres. The adult bald eagle has a brown body and its head and tail are white. It also has yellow feet with large talons, and a hooked yellow beak. It is the national bird of the USA.

8. Falcon - Falcon is medium-sized bird of prey that belongs to the family of falcons and caracaras. There are 37 species of falcon that can be found all over the world except on the Antarctica. Most species of falcon are dark brown or grey-coloured with white, yellow and black spots and markings on the body. Falcon can reach 9 to 19 inches in height and 1.5 to 2.6 pounds of weight. Falcon has an average lifespan of around 15 years.

9. Vulture - Vultures are large birds of prey that usually feed on carrion (dead or dying animals and rocks). Vultures use their large wings to soar in the air for many miles without having to flap. Vultures are also called buzzards. Vultures are widely distributed, but they are absent from Australia and most oceanic islands.

10. Owl - Owls are birds in the order Strigiformes. There are 200 species, and they are all birds of prey. Owls are Nocturnal. Owls are specialists at night-time hunting. They feed on small mammals such as rodents, insects and other birds and a few species like to eat fish as well. Owls can rotate their heads and necks up to 270 degrees in both directions.

11. Ibis - Ibis inhabits in salt marshes, swamps, areas near the lakes and rivers, forests, tropical mangroves and marshy mountain meadows. Ibis can be covered with white, black, brown, grey, orange-red or pink plumage, depending on the species, habitat and type of diet. Ibis has long neck with large, down-curved, pointed bill, roundish body and long legs with partially webbed feet. Ibis can survive 8 to 15 years in the wild.

12. Hornbill - Hornbill are found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia. They are characterised by a long, down-curved bill which is frequently brightly coloured and sometimes has a casque on the upper mandible. Hornbills range in size from 40 cm (16 inches), in the smaller Tockusspecies, to 160 cm (63 inches), in the great hornbill.

13. Duck - Duck is a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds living in both fresh water and sea water and found on every continent except for Antarctica. Ducks are omnivores. They feed on aquatic plants, small fish, insects, worms, grubs and more. The bill of the duck is a yellowish orange tipped with black.

14. Toucan - Toucan is a South American bird in the family Ramphastidae. Toucans are renown for their large colourful bills. At 8 inches they have the longest bill of any bird in the world in relation to their body size 25 inches. Toucans mainly eat fruit, but sometimes prey on insects and small lizards. Toucans are one of the nosier jungle birds. They live for up to 20 years.

15. Egret – An egret is a bird that is any of several herons, most of which are white or buff and several of which develop fine plume. It is a large, widely distributed egret. Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world. Egret has a yellow bill though the bill may become darker.

16. Kingfisher - Kingfishers, ranging in length from 10 to 42 cm, have a large head, a long and massive bill and a compact body. Their feet are small and with a few exceptions, the tail is short or medium-length. Kingfishers are found all over the world. Some kingfishers are endangered species.

17. Crane - Crane is a type of tall wading birds from the family Gruidae. Cranes resemble herons but usually are larger and have a partly naked head, a heavier bill, more compact plumage and an elevated hind toe. In flight the long neck is stretched out in front, the stilt like legs trailing out behind. Cranes are omnivores. Their lifespan is around 20-25 years.

18. Flamingo - Flamingos are tall, pink or red wading birds with thick downturned bills. Flamingos have slender legs, long, graceful necks, large wings and short tails. They range from about 90 to 150 cm (3 to 5 feet) tall. Flamingos have a curved bill that is shaped like a banana. Flamingos can weigh up to 4 kg. They live up to around 47 years.

19. Swan - A swan is a kind of water bird, from the genera Cygnus & Coscoroba. Swans are one of the largest flying birds. They are large in size and have large feet and long necks. Bill colour are patterned red & black. Swan live on water. They swim on top of the water and eat plants off the bottom of ponds, lakes or oceans. They also eat insects and other small animals. Swans can also fly.

20. Pelican - Pelicans are a large water birds that makes up the family Pelecanidae. Pelican has the largest bill of all birds. It can reach 18 inches in length. Underneath the bill, pelicans have throat pouch that can hold 3 gallons of water. Pelicans are one of the largest birds. They can reach between 4 and 6 inches in length, and between 10 and 30 pounds of weight.

21. Seagull - Seagull is a type of sea bird. There are over 20 species of seagulls. Body of most seagulls is covered with white plumage. Wingtips are usually black or dark in colour. Seagull has strong body, elongated legs and webbed feet. Beak is slightly hooked and usually yellow in colour. Seagulls are one of the rare animals that are able to drink salt water. Seagulls can survive from 10 to 15 years in the wild.

22. Woodpecker - Woodpeckers are part of the Picidae family. There are about 200 species and about 30 genera in this family. Many species are threatened or endangered due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmentation. Woodpecker have strong bills for drilling and drumming on trees and long sticky tongues for extracting food.

23. Humming Bird - Humming Bird are small & often brightly coloured birds of the family Trochilidae. They are among the smallest of birds: most species measure 7.5–13 cm. The smallest living bird species is the 2–5 cm Bee Hummingbird. They are also the only group of birds able to fly backwards.

24. Crow - Crows form the genus Corvus in the family Corvidae. They are medium to large sized birds, carnivores and scavengers. Crow is found on all temperate continents except for South America and some islands. Crows are thought to be, with parrots, among the world's most intelligent birds.

25. Penguin - Penguins are sea-birds in the family Spheniscidae. All penguins have a white belly and a dark (mostly black) back. Penguins cannot fly, but they can swim very well. The upper mandible bill is black and the lower mandible can be pink, orange or lilac. Penguins live only in the Southern Hemisphere of the world: Antarctica, New Zealand, southern Australia, South Africa and South America.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 319 - Birds & Their Wings

Birds & Their Wings Chart

Spectrum Chart - 319 : Birds & Their Wings

1. Kingfisher - Kingfishers, ranging in length from 10 to 42 cm, have a large head, a long and massive bill and a compact body. Their feet are small and with a few exceptions, the tail is short or medium-length. Kingfishers are found all over the world. Some kingfishers are endangered species.

2. Flamingo - Flamingos are tall, pink or red wading birds with thick downturned bills. Flamingos have slender legs, long, graceful necks, large wings and short tails. They range from about 90 to 150 cm (3 to 5 feet) tall. Flamingos have a curved bill that is shaped like a banana. Flamingos can weigh up to 4 kg. They live up to around 47 years.

3. Pigeon - Pigeon any of several species of birds constituting the family Columbidae. Pigeons are gentle, plump, small-billed birds with a skin saddle between the bill & forehead. Pigeons occur worldwide except in the coldest regions and the most remote islands.

4. Duck - Duck is a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds living in both fresh water and sea water and found on every continent except for Antarctica. Ducks are omnivores. They feed on aquatic plants, small fish, insects, worms, grubs and more. All ducks have highly waterproof feathers due to the feathers interlocking nature and waxy coating.

5. Osprey - Osprey is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey with a cosmopolitan range. It is a large raptor, reaching more than 60 cm in length and 180 cm across the wings. It is brown on the upper parts and predominantly greyish on the head and underparts. It has a wingspan of 127 – 180 cm.

6. Owl - Owls are birds in the order Strigiformes. There are 200 species, and they are all birds of prey. Owls are Nocturnal. Owls are specialists at night-time hunting. They feed on small mammals such as rodents, insects and other birds and a few species like to eat fish as well. Owls can rotate their heads and necks up to 270 degrees in both directions.

7. Falcon - Falcon is medium-sized bird of prey that belongs to the family of falcons and caracaras. There are 37 species of falcon that can be found all over the world except on the Antarctica. Most species of falcon are dark brown or grey-coloured with white, yellow and black spots and markings on the body. Falcon can reach 9 to 19 inches in height and 1.5 to 2.6 pounds of weight. Falcon has an average lifespan of around 15 years.

8. Eagle - Eagle are large, heavy-beaked, big-footed birds of prey belonging to the family Accipitridae. Eagles have large, hooked beaks with a powerful eye sight. Eagles have powerful talons which help them catch prey. Eagles normally build their nests, called eyries, in tall trees or on high cliffs.

9. Parrot - There are roughly 372 species of parrots in 86 genera and they are found in most tropical and subtropical regions. Parrots have curved beaks, strong legs and clawed feet. They are often brightly coloured. Parrots are believed to be one of the most intelligent bird species. Some parrot species can live for over 80 years.

10. Swan - A swan is a kind of water bird, from the genera Cygnus & Coscoroba. Swans are one of the largest flying birds. They are large in size and have large feet and long necks. Swan live on water. They swim on top of the water and eat plants off the bottom of ponds, lakes or oceans. They also eat insects and other small animals. Swans can also fly. Their wingspans can be over 3.1 m.

11. Pelican - Pelicans are a genus of large water birds that makes up the family Pelecanidae. They are characterised by a long beak and a large throat pouch used for catching prey and draining water from the scooped up contents before swallowing. Depending on their species wingspan of pelican varies from 1.83 m to 3 m long.

12. Humming Bird - Humming Bird are small & often brightly coloured birds of the family Trochilidae. They are among the smallest of birds: most species measure 7.5–13 cm. The smallest living bird species is the 2–5 cm Bee Hummingbird. They are also the only group of birds able to fly backwards.

13. Sparrow - Sparrow are small passerine birds which belong to the family Passeridae. Sparrows are small birds. They are between 11–18 centimetres long. They are usually brown and grey. They have short tails and small, strong beaks. Most sparrows eat seeds or small insects. Sparrows are social birds and they live in flocks.

14. Secretary Bird - Secretary bird is a very large, mostly terrestrial bird of prey. It is usually found in the open grasslands and Savannah of the sub-Saharan region. The secretary bird is instantly recognisable as a very large bird with an eagle-like body on crane-like legs which increases the bird’s height to as much as 1.3 m tall. It has rounded wings and the wingspan is 191–220 cm.

15. Ibis - Ibis inhabits in salt marshes, swamps, areas near the lakes and rivers, forests, tropical mangroves and marshy mountain meadows. Ibis can be covered with white, black, brown, grey, orange-red or pink plumage, depending on the species, habitat and type of diet. Ibis has long neck with large, down-curved, pointed bill, roundish body and long legs with partially webbed feet. Ibis can survive 8 to 15 years in the wild.

16. Heron - Heron is a bird that can be easily confused with a stork, due to similarities in appearance. Heron prefer wetlands, swamps, coastlines and areas near rivers, ponds and lakes. Herons have huge wingspan, usually two times bigger than their body size. Wingspan of herons can reach 5.5 to 6.6 feet. Herons are carnivores. They mainly eat fish, but their diet also includes frogs, small mammals and birds, reptiles and insects.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 318 - Water Sports

Water Sports Chart

Spectrum Chart - 318 : Water Sports

1. Swimming – Swimming is the movement of the body through water using arms and legs. Most of the time equipment is not used. People swim for exercise, fun and they can swim competitively. Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports, with events in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle and individual medley.

2. Surfing – Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward or deep face of a moving wave, which is usually carrying the surfer towards the shore. Waves suitable for surfing are primarily found in the ocean. The surfer uses his surfboard to catch a wave and ride in towards the shore. Surfing is popular in Australia, the US and Northern Europe.

3. Diving – Diving is the sport of jumping or falling into water from a platform or springboard, usually while performing acrobatics. Diving is an internationally recognised sport that is part of the Olympic Games. Competitors possess many of the same characteristics as gymnasts and dancers, including strength, flexibility, kin-aesthetic judgement and air awareness.

4. Water Skiing – Water skiing is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. The sport requires sufficient area on a smooth stretch of water. There are many options for recreational or competitive water skiers. These include speed skiing, trick skiing, show skiing, slaloming, jumping and barefoot skiing.

5. Wind Sailing – Wind sailing refers to using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. A sailing competition is known as a regatta, usually consists of multiple individual races, where the boat that performs best in each race is the overall winner.

6. Water Polo - Water polo is a sport played in water with a ball. It has similarities to basketball and soccer, although players are in the pool. Players try to get the ball into the goal more times than the opposing team. The game consists of swimming using a special form of treading water known as the egg beater kick, throwing, catching and shooting the ball. All throwing and catching must be done using a single hand. Each team consists of 6 field players and a goalkeeper.

7. Synchronised Swimming - Synchronised swimming is a hybrid form of swimming, dance and gymnastics, consisting of swimmers performing a synchronised routine of elaborate moves in the water, accompanied by music. Athletes can perform solos and compete in most other competitions. Synchronised swimming demands advanced water skills, and requires great strength, endurance, flexibility, grace, artistry and precise timing, as well as exceptional breath control when upside down underwater.

8. Parasailing - Parasailing is a recreational kiting activity where a person is towed behind a vehicle usually a boat, while attached to a specially designed canopy wing that reminds one of a parachute, known as a parasail wing. People parasail for the thrill and also to get a good, high view of the scenery around them.

9. Jet Skiing – Jet Ski a water scooter, is a recreational watercraft that the rider sits or stands on, rather than inside of, as in a boat. They have two style categories. The first and most popular being a "sit down", where the rider uses the watercraft mainly sitting down and typically holds two or more people. The second style is a "stand up", where the rider uses the watercraft standing up. The stand up styles are built for one rider and is used more for doing tricks, racing and are used in competitions.

10. Scuba Diving - Scuba Diving is a sport where people can swim underwater for a long time, using a tank filled with compressed air. The tank is a large metal cylinder made of steel or aluminium. A scuba diver primarily moves underwater by using fins attached to the feet. The word Scuba is an acronym from Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.

11. River Rafting – Rafting and white water rafting are recreational outdoor activities which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water and generally represents a new and challenging environment for participants. It is considered an extreme sport and can be fatal.

12. Kayaking – Kayaking is the use of a kayak for moving across water. A kayak is a low-to-the-water, canoe-like boat in which the paddler sits facing forward, legs in front, using a double-bladed paddle to pull front-to-back on one side and then the other in rotation.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 317 - Adventure Sports

Adventure Sports Chart

Spectrum Chart - 317 : Adventure Sports

1. Hiking – Hiking is a general word for travelling on foot in the mountains or the countryside. Hiking is a kind of physical activity as well as a leisure activity. Hikers enjoy fresh air and the beauty of nature. Hiking can also be an attraction for people who enjoy challenging their physical and mental strength.

2. Bungi Jumping - Bungi jumping is an extreme sport in which people jump from higher ground such as a bridge with an elastic rope tied to their ankles to stop them from hitting the ground. The rope is designed to stretch, not break. When the rope has stretched all the way, the jumper bounces back up. When people jump they wear safety equipment like helmets and a harness.

3. Mountaineering - Mountaineering is a sport where people climb mountains. It may involve hiking, scrambling, rock climbing, as well as crossing glaciers. Someone who does mountain climbing is called a mountain climber.

4. Rock Climbing - Rock climbing is a sport where someone uses his hands and feet to climb up a rock or an artificial climbing wall. Rock climbing is a very difficult sport because you need to have a lot of strength. Rock climbers must know how to use ropes, carabiners and harnesses for their own safety.

5. Parachute Jumping – A parachute uses drag to slow something moving in air. It is often an umbrella shaped device on which people or things can float slowly and safely down to the ground from a great height, such as an aircraft. Sky divers use parachute for their landing on ground.

6. Hang Gliding - Hang gliding is a sport which involves soaring in a very small aircraft without an engine. Hang gliding is an air sport or recreational activity in which a pilot flies a light, non-motorised foot-launched heavier-than-air aircraft called a hang glider.

7. Paragliding – Paragliding is the recreational and competitive adventure sport of flying para gliders lightweight, free-flying, foot-launched glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure. The pilot sits in a harness suspended below a fabric wing comprising a large number of interconnected baffled cells. Despite not using an engine, para gliders flight can last many hours and cover many hundreds of kilometres.

8. Sky Diving – Skydiving is a sport involving a skydiver jumping down from an air plane while it is flying and parachuting to the ground. Skydiving can be done individually and with other people. Training is required to go alone. The jump can also be made from a helicopter or the bottom of a hot air balloon from 4000 m or 13,000 ft. Skydiving can be an exciting sport.

9. Formula 1 Race - Formula One is a type of Motorsports. Teams compete in a series of Grand Prix races, held in different countries around the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road course racing cars in the world, owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic downforce.

10. Skiing – Skiing is a mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Skis are used with special boots connected to them with a binding. There are two different types of skiing downhill skiing and cross country skiing.

11. Mountain Biking - Mountain biking is the sport of riding bicycles off-road. Often this is done over rough terrain. Mountain biking uses specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes are similar to other bikes, but have features designed to make them stronger and hold up in rough terrain.

12. X-Games, Incline Skating - Vert skating is a sport and a term used to refer to riding inline skates or roller skates on a vert ramp, a half-pipe with some vertical in it usually between 6" to 24". It is a form of acrobatics performed with skates. The sport was included in the first X-Games in 1995.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 310 - Flowers 3

Flowers 3 Chart

Spectrum Chart - 310 : Flowers 3

1. Lotus - Lotus is a type of floating aquatic plant of the genus Nelumbo. It is also known as Indian lotus because it represents a national flower of India. Lotus lives in shallow and murky ponds and lakes that are exposed to direct sunlight.
2. Tiger Lily - Tiger Lily is a native lily of the mountains of central China. The flowers are orange, spotted black and unscented & it's petals are recurving. It grows to about 1.5 m high in the wild.
3. Hibiscus (Shoe Flower) - Hibiscus develops large, trumpet-shaped flower without scent. Flowers consists of five petals, ranging from white to pink, red, purple or yellow. The Hibiscus petals range in size from 4-15 cm broad.
4. Orchid - Orchids are a large family of flowering plants. There are between 22,000 and 26,000 species. Orchids can be found in almost every country in the world except for Antarctica.
5. Bleeding Heart – Bleeding heart is herbaceous plant that belongs to the poppy family. Bleeding heart develops pink, heart-shaped flowers with small, white, drop-like hanging part on the bottom side.
6. Sunflower - The sunflower is a large inflorescence, this means the flower head is actually made of many tiny flowers called florets. Sunflowers is used to extract toxin such as lead, arsenic and uranium from contaminated soil.
7. Zinnia - Zinnias are popular garden flowers because they come in a wide range of colours and shapes and they can withstand hot summer temperatures and are easy to grow from seeds.
8. Pansy - Pansy flowers are single with five petals that are rounded in shape. Both the leaves and flowers of pansies and violas are edible and high in vitamins A and C.
9. Daisy - Daisy flower symbolises innocence and purity. A Daisy flower is composed of white petals and a yellow centre, although the flower can sometimes have a pink or rose colour.
10. Hippeastrum – Hippeastrum is a genus of about 90 species and over 600 hybrids and cultivars of perennial herbaceous bulbous plants. Flower is 13–20 cm broad and the native species are usually purple or red in colour.
11. Dahlia - Dahlia are considered one of the most spectacular garden flowers. There are more than 30 species of dahlia flower. They are native to Mexico.
12. Marigold - Marigolds come in different colours, yellow and orange being the most common. Most of the marigolds have strong, pungent odour and have great value in cosmetic treatment.
13. Morning Glory - Morning glory is the common name for over 1,000 species of flowering plants in the family Convolvulaceae. Morning-Glory flowers are one of the best flowers to decorate our fences and walls.
14. Rose - Roses are multi-petal flowers available in an array of colours, mainly red & shapes of red. Roses are widely used across the world as symbols of love, sympathy or sorrow.
15. Periwinkle - Periwinkle is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. Periwinkle is cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens in many shades of pink, red, lilac and white or in light shades with dark throats.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE

Chart 308 - Crops of India 2

Crops of India 2 Chart

Spectrum Chart - 308 : Crops of India 2

1. Wheat - Wheat is a cereal grain that people can eat. It is a kind of grass whose fruit is a "head of wheat" with edible seeds. wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein in human food. Wheat grain is a staple food used to make flour for leavened, flat and steamed breads, biscuits, cookies, cakes, breakfast cereal, pasta, noodles etc. China & India are the leading producer of the wheat in the world. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana are the major wheat producing states in India.

2. Millet - Millets are grains for fodder and human food. 97% of millet production in developing countries. The crop is favoured due to its productivity and short growing season under dry, high-temperature conditions. The most widely grown millet is pearl millet, which is an important crop in India. India is the world's largest producer of millet. Maharashtra cultivates about 52% of the overall millet production in the country.

3. Barley - Barley is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains. Barley has also been used as animal fodder. Barley is a key ingredient in beer and whisky production.

4. Gram - Gram seed are high in protein & one of the earliest cultivated legumes. Grams are used to make curries and are one of the most popular vegetarian foods in the India. They are are a nutrient-dense food, providing rich content of protein, dietary fibre, folate and certain dietary minerals such as iron and phosphorus. India is the world leader in production, it produces around 15 times as much as the second-largest producer, Australia.

5. Groundnut - Groundnut, also known as Peanut, is a crop of global importance. Groundnut is widely produced in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Groundnut pods develop under the ground, which is very unusual among crop plants. They are similar in taste and nutritional profile to tree nuts such as walnuts and almonds. China & India are the leading producer of groundnuts in the world. Top three states producing ground nut in India are Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

6. Cotton - Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fibre that grows in a boll or protective case, around the seeds of cotton plant. Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. Cotton is also used in fishing nets, coffee filters, tents, cotton paper and in bookbinding. The largest producers of cotton currently are China and India. Main cotton producing states in India are Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

7. Tobacco - Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, which is a stimulant. Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for smoking in cigarettes, cigars etc. Tobacco use is a risk factor for many diseases, WHO named tobacco as the world's single greatest cause of preventable death.

8. Coffee - Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans. Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world. It is usually served hot, although iced coffee is also served. Coffee is slightly acidic and can have a stimulating effect on humans because of its caffeine content. The states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu are the major coffee producers in India.

9. Rubber - Rubber as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds plus water. Rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from the para rubber tree or others. Rubber is used by many manufacturing companies for the production of rubber products. Rubber has a large stretch ratio and high resilience and is extremely waterproof. Kerala ranks as the topmost producer of rubber in India.

10. Bamboo – Bamboo is an important non wood forest resource found in forest. Bamboos are used from food and housing material to wide range of value addition and industrial activities. In India more than 50% of bamboo plantation takes place in the eastern India. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura & West Bengal are the major states in plantation of bamboos.

To Buy Chart - CLICK HERE